SDH Theory

What is SDH?

SDH = Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

It is a transport network

synchronous
fully standardized
with high bandwidth
for synchronous and asynchronous signals

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for future broadband signals and new services

with standardized network management capabilities
with traffic protection
with a flexible multiplexing structure

direct access to tributaries

cross-connections without de-multiplexing

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Digital Transmission System

Regenerator

Regenerator

recreates the signal.

Multiplexer (MUX)

Multiplexer combines data from

several lines and transmits it
over a higher-capacity data link.

MUX

MUX

No signal

60 km

60 km

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Multiplexer Naming
Conventions
tributaries

TM
m/n

aggregate

aggregate

ADM

aggregate

m/n
tributaries

Terminal Multiplexer (TM)

All traffic is terminated here.

m: aggregate level
n: lowest tributary level

Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Part of the traffic is terminated.

Part of the traffic goes transparently
through.
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Digital Cross-connect (DXC

m/n)

DDF

PDH
MUX

PDH
MUX

PDH
MUX

PDH
MUX

No traffic is terminated.
Cross-connection matrix
connects tributary
signals of one aggregate
to another aggregate.

SDH
Cross-Connect

ISO 9001:2008

PDH Bit Rates & HIERARCHY

E0
E1
E2
E3
synchronous

E4
plesiochronous
plesiochronous
plesiochronous

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SDH Bit Rates & HIERARCHY

STM1

STM4
STM16

STM64
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PDH vs. SDH Add & Drop

Function
E3

E4

E3

TM
4 /3

PDH

TM
4 /3

E3
E2
E2

TM
3 /2

Six TMs needed

to drop E1

TM
3 /2

E2
E1

TM
2 /1

E1
E1

E4

TM
2 /1

E 1 ( 2 . 0 4 8 k b it/ s )

SDH
STM-1
One ADM is
enough to drop E1.

ADM

STM-1
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STM-1 Frame

2430 bytes/frame 8 bit/byte 8000 frame/s = 155.52 Mbit/s

transmitted from top to bottom and left to right
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SDH Multiplexing Structure

(ETSI)
N

STM-N

AUG

AU-4

VC-4

C-4
3
1

TU-3

TUG-3

VC-3

C-3

VC-2

C-2

VC-12

C-12

VC-11

C-11

139 264 kbit/s

44 736 kbit/s
34 368 kbit/s

C Container
VC Virtual Container

TU Tributary Unit

TUG Tributary Unit Group

TUG-2

TU-2

6312 kbit/s

AU Administrator Unit

TU-12

AUG Administrator Unit Group

Pointer processing

2048 kbit/s

1544 kbit/s

Multiplexing

C-n

Aligning

Container-n

Mapping

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PDH over SDH

TU12

Container (C)

TU Pointer

Virtual Container (VC)

VC12

Path Overhead

C12

Justification bytes

C + POH (path overhead)

Tributary Unit (TU)

POH

basic payload unit

VC + pointer
The pointer indicates the
start of the VC and allows
dynamic alignment of the
VC within the TU frame.

Virtual Container

Container
2 Mbit/s plesiochronous stream

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KLM Coordinates
R SO H
A U - 4 p o in t e r s

P a y lo a d
V C -4 (H O -V C )

M SO H

TUG3-1

TUG3-2

TUG3-3

V
TU12-1 TU12-2 TU12-3
C
4

TUG2-1

P
O
H

TUG2-3

TUG2-2

VC-3

TUG2-4
TUG2-5

VC-12

TUG2-6

TUG2-7

VC-12

KLM: 152

KLM: 300

KLM: 271
ISO 9001:2008

TUG-3 number (values 1-3)

TUG-2 number (values 1-7)
TU-12 number (values 1-3)

Termination of Sections
Regenerator Sections

TM

TM

Multiplexing Sections

Multiplexing Sections

Path
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Regenerator
STM-N

STM-N

REG

Regenerates the optical signal.

Terminates RSOH.

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Terminal Multiplexer
STM-N
or
PDH

STM-M

TM

Terminates RSOH and MSOH.

May terminate HOP and LOP overhead.

Multiplexes/maps tributary signals.

Includes timing and management functions.

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Add/drop Multiplexer
STM-M

STM-M

ADM
STM-N or PDH

Terminates RSOH and MSOH.

May terminate HOP and LOP overhead.
Includes connection function between the two aggregates.
Multiplexes/maps tributary signals.
Includes a connection function for allocation of TUs within the STM frame.
Includes timing and management functions.

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Cross-connect

STM-M

DXC

STM-M

STM-N or PDH

Terminates RSOH and MSOH.

Includes connection function between the aggregates.
Can have tributary ports, for which it may terminate HOP
and LOP overhead.
Includes timing and management functions.
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SDH Overhead

Overheads carry information for monitoring, maintaining

and controlling the operation of network.
Overhead types

POH for end-to-end monitoring of payload signal (VC-12, VC-3 and

VC-4)
Block errors, far end alarms, trace and payload type
SOH is used for monitoring of signal between SDH equipment.
RSOH: block errors, trace
MSOH: block errors, synchronization, and far-end alarms
270
9
3

RSOH
POINTER

9
5

MSOH

260

P
O
H

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RSOH

A1, A2
J0
B1
E1
F1
D1, D2, D3
NU1, NU2, NU3, NU4
R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6
U1, U2, U3, U4

framing patterns (F6H), (28H)

regenerator section Trail Trace Identifier (TTI)
BIP-8 parity byte
RS orderwire channel (service telephone)
user (network operator) data channel
regenerator section Data Communication Channel (DCCR)
bytes reserved for national use
media specific bytes (e.g. radio link)
bytes with no defined use

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MSOH

B2
K1, K2
D4 to D12
S1
M1
E2
NU5, NU6
U5 to U26
Z12, Z13, Z21, Z22

BIP-24 parity bytes

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel,
multiplex section Data Communication Channel (DCCM)
synchronization status
Remote Error Indication (REI)
MS orderwire channel (service telephone)
bytes reserved for national use
bytes with no defined use
bytes with no defined use

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Functions of POH (Path Overhead)

* Parity check (B3, V5/BIP-2 calculated by terminating point)
* Alarm and performance information (V5, G1)
* Structure of VC (Signal label C2)
* Multi-frame indication for TUs (H4)
* User communication channel-between path elements (F2, F3)

Identification of path source (path trace J1, J2)

Functions and characteristics of the individual

elements
1) The Administrative Unit (AU)
* Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
* Clock justification through positive zero-negative stuffing in the AU pointer area
* Byte by byte stuffing

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2) The container (C)

* Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)
* Synchronous to STM-1
* Bit rate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure
* Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits
* Bit by bit stuffing

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3) The virtual container (VC)

* Formation of the container by adding of POH (Path Overhead)
* Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
* A VC containing several VCs has also same pointer area

4) The Tributary Unit (TU)

* Is formed by adding pointer

to

5) Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

* Combines several TUs for new VC

ISO 9001:2008

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Any Questions?

ISO 9001:2008

THANK YOU

ISO 9001:2008