ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES

TIRUPATI
Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering

ANTENNA PARAMETERS

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Contents

Radiation pattern
Radian
Steradian
Polarization
Gain
FNBW & HPBW
Directive gain
Directivity
Radiation Intensity

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Antenna Apertures
Antenna Resolution
Effective height
Field zones
Shape Impedance
considerations
Antenna temperature
FBR
Beam Area
Beam Efficiency
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Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic
transmissions move in
space as Transverse
waves
Waves are
characterized by
frequency
v and
f
wavelength:

Wave front :
An imaginary surface joining all points in space that are
reached at the same instant by a wave propagating through
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Direction of wave
propagation

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Radiation pattern
In the field of antenna design the
term radiation pattern (or
antenna pattern or far-field
pattern)refers to the directional
(angular) dependence of the strength
of the radio waves from the antenna
or other source

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Radian & Steradian

Radian

The radian is the standard unit of

angular measure.

An angle's measurement in
radians is numerically equal to
the length of a corresponding arc
of a unit circle; one radian is just
under 57.3 degrees (when the
arc length is equal to the
radius).

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steradian

The steradian (symbol: sr) or

square radian is the SI unit of
solid angle.
It is used in three-dimensional
space, and functions analogously
to the manner in which the radian
quantifies planar angles.
The name is derived from the
Greek stereos for "solid" and the
Latin radius for "ray, beam".

polarization

In an electromagnetic wave, both the electric field and

magnetic field are oscillating but in different directions; by
convention the "polarization" of light refers to the polarization of
the electric field. Light which can be approximated as a
plane wave in free space or in an isotropic medium propagates as
a transverse waveboth the electric and magnetic fields are
perpendicular to the wave's direction of travel. The oscillation of
these fields may be in a single direction (linear polarization), or
the field may rotate at the optical frequency (circular or
elliptical polarization).

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Resultant wave of E & H

fields

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Gain

of an antenna is an actual or realized quantity which is

Gain
less than
the directivity D due to ohmic losses in the
antenna or its random.
G=k D.
Where k=efficiency factor (0 k 1),dimensionless.
G=.

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FNBW & HPBW

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Directive Gain
It is the ratio of the power density in in a particular direction at a given point
to the power that would be radiated at the same distance by an omni-antena.

Directivity

The directivity

of an antenna is equal to the ratio of the maximum power density

P (,)max(watts/ ) to its average value over a sphere as observed in the far
field of an antenna.

D=
It is the maximum directive gain.

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Radiation Intensity

is the power radiated from an antenna per unit solid

Itangle.

It is denoted by U.
Pn () = =
Where S is pointing vector
U is radiation intensity
The S & U depend on the distance from the antenna (assume
that we are in far field of the antenna).

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Antenna Apertures
apertures is of two types
The

Ae = =

1) physical aperture (Ap).

2) effective aperture (Ae).

= 0.0796.

For horn antenna power radiated P= S Ap = Ap .

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Antenna Resolution

The most common resolution criterion states that the resolution capability of an
antenna to distinguish between two sources is equal to half the first-null beam
width (FNBW/2),which is usually used to approximate the HPBW.
That is, two sources separated by angular distances equal or greater than FNBW/2
HPBW of an antenna with a uniform distribution can be resolved.
If the separation is smaller, then the antenna will tend to smooth the angular
separation distance.

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Effective height

effective height H of an antenna is another parameter

The
related
to the aperture.

V= h E.
h= (m).
he = z =
(m).
where
= effective height, m
= physical height, m
= average current, A
.
Where is intrinsic impedance of space.

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Field Zones

fields around an antenna may be divided into two

The
principal
regions, one near the antenna called the Near
field or Fresnel zones and one at a large distance called
the Far field or Fraunhofer zone.
The field interior of the radius R =
(m) is called
Fresnel zone.
Where
L = maximum dimension of the antenna, m
= wavelength, m
The field away from the R is called Fraunhofer zone.

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Field Zones around ANTENNA

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Shape Impedance considerations

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Antenna temperature
Antenna noise temperature has contributions from several sources:
1. Galactic radiation
2. Earth heating
3. The sun
4. Electrical devices
5. The antenna itself
. Galactic noise is high below 1000 MHz. At around 150 MHz, it is
approximately 1000K. At 2500 MHz, it has levelled off to around 10K.
. Earth has an accepted standard temperature of 290K.
. The level of the sun's contribution depends on the solar flux. It is given
by
. whereis the solar flux,is the wavelength, andis the gain of
the antenna in decibels.
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Front to back ratio

In telecommunication, the
term front-to-back ratio (also
known as front-to-rear ratio) can
mean:
1. The ratio of power gain between
the front and rear of a
directional antenna.
2. Ratio of signal strength transmitted
in a forward direction to that
transmitted in a backward
direction. For receiving antennas,
the ratio of received-signal strength
when the antenna is rotated 180.
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Beam area

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Beam efficiency

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