Tutorial #2 Chapters 5-8

Dr. Truong Thanh Tu

Department of Physical Chemistry
Faculty of Chemistry
19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi
tuthanhtruong@gmail.com

Chapter 5 Some types of chemical reactions

Periodic table of the elements

Reactions in aqueous solutions: formula, total ionic, and
net ionic equations
Oxidation numbers
Naming inorganic compounds
Classification of chemical reactions:
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Combination reactions
Decomposition reactions
Displacement reactions
Metathesis reactions
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Exercise

Assign oxidation numbers to the element specified in

each group of ions
(a) P in PCl5, P4O6, P4O10, HPO3, H3PO3, POCl3, H4P2O7,
Mg3(PO4)2
(b) Mn in MnO, MnO2, Mn(OH)2, K2MnO4, KMnO4, Mn2O7.
(c) O in OF2, Na2O, Na2O2, KO2

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Exercise

Write each of the following formula unit equations as

net ionic equation if the two differ? For the redox
reactions, identify the oxidizing agent, the reducing
agent, the species oxidized and the species reduced
(a) AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s)
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)

(b) KClO3(s)

heat

(c) AgNO3(aq) + K3PO4(aq)

KCl(s) + KClO 4
Ag3PO4(s) + KNO3(aq)

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Exercise

Balancing and Classifying reactions

(a) Zn(s) + AgNO3(aq)

(b) Ca(OH)2(s)
(c) HI(g)

heat

heat

Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)

CaO(s) + H2O(g)

H2(g) + I2(g)

(d) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq)

NaNO3(aq)
(e) SO2(g) + H2O(l)

CuS(s) +

H2SO3(aq)

(f) H2SO3(aq) + KOH(aq)

K2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
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Naming compounds

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Precipitation reactions

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Acid-Base reactions

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Oxidation-reduction reactions

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LEO
LEO SAYS
SAYS GER
GER
Lose Electrons = Oxidation

Gain Electrons = Reduction

Na Na e

Sodium is oxidized

Reducing agent
0

Cl e Cl

Chlorine is reduced

Oxidizing agent
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Chapter 6 Structure of atoms

Atom = Nucleus (protons + neutrons) + Electrons

Mass number, A
(p+ + no)

A
Z

Element symbol

Atomic number, Z
(number of p+)
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Chapter 6

Isotopes

12
6

14
6

Electron orbital = wave function (characterized by

quantum numbers (n, l, m, m s) energy level and 3-D
shape of the region in space occupied by a given
electron
Quantum numbers:
Principal (n) energy levels
Angular-momentum (l): n values of l, from 0n-1 3-D shape
Magnetic (ml): 2l+1 values of ml, from l+l spatial
orientation
Spin (ms): +1/2 or -1/2 interaction to a magnetic field
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Energy
Level
(n)

Sublevels in
main energy
level
(n sublevels)

Number of
orbitals per
sublevel

Number of
Electrons
per sublevel

Number of
electrons per
main energy
level (2n2)

s
p

1
3

2
6

s
p
d

1
3
5

2
6
10

18

s
p
d

1
3
5

2
6
10

32

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Electron configurations of multielectron atoms

Aufbau Principle (building up): A guide for

determining the filling order of orbitals.

7s 7p 7d
6s7f6p 6d
5s6f5p 5d
5f
4s 4p 4d
3s4f3p 3d

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2

2s 2p
1s

12
56
38
20
4
2

electrons
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Orbital filling table

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Exercise 1

What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom

that have the following quantum numbers? (a) n=2
(b) n=3 and l=1; (c) n=3, l=0 and ml=0; (d) n=3, l=1, ml =-1,
and ms=-1/2
What are the values of n and l for the following
subshells? (a) 1s; (b) 3s; (c) 5p; (d) 3d; (e) 4f

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Exercise 2

Write the subshell notation that correspond to (a) n=3,

l=0; (b) n=3, l=1; (c) n=6, l=1; (d) n=3, l=2
How many individual orbitals are there in the third shell?
Write out n, l and ml quantum numbers for each one, and
label each set by the s, p, d, f designation

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Exercise 4

Determine the number of electrons in the outer occupied

shell of each of the following elements, and indicate the
principal quantum of that shell (a) Na; (b) S; (c) Sr; (e)
Ba; (f) Br

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Exercise

State Pauli Exclusion principle. Would any of the

following electron configuration violate this rule: (a) 1s3;
(b) 1s22s22px2 Explain?

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Chapter 7 Chemical bonding

Ionic bonds: electron(s) is transferred from one atom to

another electrostatic attraction (a cation and an anion)
Covalent bonds: two atoms share several electrons
Polar and non-polar covalent bonds
Octet rule
Lewis structures (electron-dot)
S=NA
S = # shared electrons
N = # valence shell electrons needed
(N = 8 x #atom + 2 x #H)
A = # available electrons in valence shells
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Exercises

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Lewis dot symbols

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Ionic bond

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Ionic bond

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Ionic bond

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Lewis structure

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Exceptions to the octet rule

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Chapter 8 Molecular structure and covalent

bonding theories
VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory
Electrons in bonds and lone pairs can be thought as
charge clouds (regions of high electron density) that
repel one another and stay as far apart as possible
Count the number of charge clouds and determine the
molecular shapes
Predict the molecular polarity based on the molecular
shape and individual bond polarities

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Molecular Shapes: the VSEPR Model

Two Charge Clouds

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Chapter 7/
34

Molecular Shapes: the VSEPR Model

Three Charge Clouds

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Chapter 7/
35

Molecular Shapes: the VSEPR Model

Four Charge Clouds

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Chapter 7/
36

Molecular Shapes: the VSEPR Model

Four Charge Clouds

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Chapter 7/
37

Molecular Shapes: the VSEPR Model

Five Charge Clouds

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Chapter 7/
38

Molecular Shapes: the VSEPR Model

Five Charge Clouds

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Chapter 7/
39

Molecular Shapes: the VSEPR Model

Six Charge Clouds

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Chapter 7/
40

Molecular Shapes: the VSEPR Model

Six Charge Clouds

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Chapter 7/
41

Valence bond (VB) theory

Covalent bonds are formed by overlap of atomic orbitals,

each of which contains one electron of opposite spin.
Each of the bonded atoms maintains its own atomic
orbitals, but the electron pair in the overlapping orbitals
is shared by both atoms.
The greater the amount of overlap, the stronger the
bond.

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Sigma bonds

Sigma () bonds exist in the region directly between

two bonded atoms.

p orbital

p orbital

Sigma bonding
molecular orbital
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Pi bonds

Pi () bonds exist in the region above and below a line

drawn between two bonded atoms.

Pi bonding
molecular orbital
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Hybridization of orbitals

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Hybridization of orbitals

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Exercise

Write the Lewis formula for each of the following.

Indicate which bonds are polar. Indicate which molecules
are polar. (a) CS2; (b) AlF3; (c) H2S; (d) SnF2.
Write Lewis formulas and three dimensional
structures for the following (a) BrF3; (b) BrF; (c) BrF5.

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Exercise

What is the hybridization of the central atom in each

of the following? (a) NCl3; (b) molecular AlCl3; (c)
CF4; (d) SF6; (e) IO4-

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