Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Algebraic Structures
Algebraic systems
Examples and General Properties
Semi groups and monoids
Groups
Sub groups
Homomorphism
Isomorphism
Examples
Commutative
If a * b = b * a, for every a, b S.
Associative
If a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c, for every a, b, c S.
Idempotent
If a * a = a, for all a S.
Distributive
a * (b c) = (a * b) (a * c)
(a b) * c) = (a * c) (b * c), for all a, b, c S.
Examples
Addition and multiplication operations are commutative and
associative on Z.
a + b = b + a, a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
a x b = b x a, a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c
Subtraction operation is neither commutative nor associative
on Z.
a b b a, a (b c) (a b) c
Multiplication operation is distributive over the addition
operation on Z.
a x (b + c) = (a x b) + (a x c)
(a + b) x c = (a x c) + (b x c)
Addition operation is not distributive over the multiplication
operation on Z.
a + (b x c) (a + b) x (a + c)
(a x b) + c (a + c) x (b + c)
*
a
b
c
d
a
a
d
c
d
b
c
a
d
b
c
b
b
a
a
d
d
c
b
c
Examples:
<Z, +, x>
<P(S), , >
Identity (e)
Let * be a binary operation on nonempty set S.
el * x = x * er = x for every x in S.
Inverse (x)
Let * be a binary operation on nonempty set S.
xl * a = a * xr = e.
a is invertible.
Negative of a
Inverse (a) w.r.t. + of a R.
Examples
1. <Z, +, x>, Z is a set of integers and binary operations + and x.
2. <Q, +, x>, Q is a set of rational nos. and binary operations + and x.
3. <R, +, x>, R is a set of real nos. and binary operations + and x.
4. <C, +, x>, C is a set of complex nos. and binary operations + and x.
Commutative Ring
If the operations +, . are commutative in a ring <R, +, .>.
Examples
1. <Z, +, x>, Z is a set of integers and binary operations + and x.
2. <Q, +, x>, Q is a set of rational nos. and binary operations +
and x.
3. <R, +, x>, R is a set of real nos. and binary operations + and x.
4. <C, +, x>, C is a set of complex nos. and binary operations +
and x.
Examples
1. <Z, +, x>, Z is a set of integers and binary operations + and x.
2. <Q, +, x>, Q is a set of rational nos. and binary operations + and x.
3. <R, +, x>, R is a set of real nos. and binary operations + and x.
4. <C, +, x>, C is a set of complex nos. and binary operations + and x.
Integral Domain
a . b = 0 a = 0 or b = 0 for a commutative ring with unity <R, +, .>.
Examples
1. <Z, +, x>, Z is a set of integers and binary operations + and x.
2. <Q, +, x>, Q is a set of rational nos. and binary operations + and x.
3. <R, +, x>, R is a set of real nos. and binary operations + and x.
4. <C, +, x>, C is a set of complex nos. and binary operations + and x.
Field
If a ring <R, +, .>
is commutative
has the unity
every nonzero element of R has the inverse under the . operation.
Commutative ring with unity in which every nonzero element has a
multiplicative inverse.
Examples
1. <Q, +, x>, Q is a set of rational nos. and binary operations + and x.
2. <R, +, x>, R is a set of real nos. and binary operations + and x.
3. <C, +, x>, C is a set of complex nos. and binary operations + and x.
4. <Z, +, x>, Z is a set of integers and binary operations + and x is not a
field as Z does not contain multiplicative inverses of all its nonzero
elements.
Exercises
1) Let S = {0, 1} and the operations + and . on s be defined by the
following tables:
+
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
.
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
+
a
b
c
d
a
a
b
c
d
b
b
a
d
c
c
c
d
b
a
d
d
c
a
b
.
a
b
c
d
a
a
a
a
a
b
a
a
b
a
c
a
b
c
d
d
a
a
d
a
Examples
1. <Z, +>, Z is a set of integers and binary operation +.
2. <Z, x>, Z is a set of integers and binary operation x.
3. <Z+, +>, Z+ is a set of positive integers and binary operation +.
4. <Z, >, Z is a set of integers and binary operation is not a
semigroup.
Examples
1. <Z, +>, Z is a set of integers and binary operation +.
2. <Z, x>, Z is a set of integers and binary operation x.
3. <Z+, +>, Z+ is a set of positive integers and binary operation +.
Monoid
A semigroup with the identity element e w.r.t. *.
Examples
1. <Z, +> with the identity element 0.
2. <Z, x> with the identity element 1.
3. <P(S), > with the identity element .
4. <P(S), > with the identity element S.
Exercises
Consider the binary operation * on a set A = {a, b} is defined
through a multiplication table. Determine whether <A, *> is a
semigroup or a monoid or neither.
*
Infinite Group
A group G on a infinite set G.
Examples
1. <Z, +>
Associative.
Identity element 0.
Inverse is a.
Infinite group.
Abelian group (a + b = b + a. for all a, b Z).
Subgroups
Let <G, *> be a group and H be a nonempty subset of
G. Then <H, *> is a subgroup of G if <H, *> itself is a
group.
Examples
1. The set of all even integers forms a subgroup of
the group of all integers under usual addition.
2. The set of all nonzero rational nos. forms a
subgroup of the group of all nonzero real nos. under
usual multiplication.
Example
Consider the groups <R, +> and <R+, x>.
Define the function f : R R+ by f(x) = ex for all x R.
Then, for all a, b R,
We have f(a + b) = ea+b = eaeb = f(a)f(b).
Hence f is homomorphism.
Take any c R+.
Then log c R and f(log c) = elog c = c.
Every element in R+ has a preimage in R under f.
f is onto.
For any a, b R,
f(a) = f(b)
ea = eb
a = b.
f is one-to-one.
f is an isomorphism.