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Research

Session-5

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Research – Characteristics

• Systematic and logical study of an issue or problem


or phenomenon through scientific method.

• “Scientific research consists of obtaining information


through empirical observation that can be used for
the systematic development of logically related
propositions attempting to establish casual relations
among variables.

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• Systematic and critical investigation into a phenomenon
• Not mere compilation but purposive investigation, aims
at describing, interpreting and explaining a
phenomenon.
• Adopts scientific method
• Objective and logical
• Based on observable or empirical evidence
• Answer to pertinent questions and solutions to problem
• Development of generalizations, principles and theories
• Test of criticism

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What is good research?

• Good research follows the standards of the scientific


method : systematic, empirically based procedures
for generating replicable research
1. Purpose clearly defined
2. Research process detailed
3. Research design thoroughly planned
4. High ethical standards applied
5. Limitations frankly revealed
6. Analysis adequate for decision-makers needs

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7. Findings presented unambiguously
8. Conclusions justified
9. Researchers experience reflected.

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What is Business Research

• Business research is defined as the systematic and


objective process of generating information for aid in
making business decisions.
• Research information is neither intuitive nor haphazardly
gathered.
• Literally, research (re-search) -“search again”
• Business research must be objective
• Detached and impersonal rather than biased
• It facilitates the managerial decision process for all aspects
of a business.

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Business Research : Examples

• Is executive success correlated with high need for


achievement?
• Are members of highly cohesive work groups more
satisfied than members of less cohesive work
groups?
• Do consumers experience cognitive dissonance in
low-involvement situations?

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Determining When to Conduct Business Research

• Time constraints
• Availability of data
• Nature of the decision
• Benefits versus costs

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Determining When to Conduct Business Research

Availability Benefit
of DataNature of the Decision
s vs.
Is the infor- Costs
Does the value
Is sufficient time Is the decision Conducting
Yes mation alreadyYes Yes of the research
Yes
available before of considerable
a managerial
on hand
strategic
information Business
inadequate exceed the cost
decision
for making
or tactical
of conducting Research
must be made? importance?
the decision? research?

No No No No

Do Not Conduct Business Research

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Value Should Exceed
Estimated Costs
Value versus Costs Costs
Value
•Decreased certainty •Research expenditures
•Increased likelihood of a •Delay of business
correct decision decision and possible
•Improved business disclosure of information
performance and to rivals
resulting higher profits •Possible erroneous
research results

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The Business Research Process

Problem Selection of
Discovery Sample Design

Exploratory Collection of the


Research Data

Selection of the
Basic Research
Method

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Editing and Report
Coding

Data Processing

Interpretation of
the Findings

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Stages In The Research Process

• Problem Discovery and Problem Definition


• Research Design
• Sampling
• Data Gathering
• Data Processing and Analysis
• Conclusions And Report

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Problem Discovery And Definition
• First step
• Problem means management problem / Social Problem / social
research question
• Framing a research question is intellectual work
• Deep thought

– “The formulation of the problem is often more essential than its


solution” - Albert Einstein

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Deep Thought
• Is it really the case that more CCTV in city centre's leads to
reduction in crime?
• Why is the unemployment rate is higher (or lower) now than
it has been recently?
• Why is that newspaper headlines are now all taking about
climate change (or homelessness, or biotechnology, or
unemployment, or divorce rates, or health, or education, …)
• How did I end up doing social research anyway?
• Why is that more men than women seem to play computer
games?
• Why is population density is higher in some countries than
others?

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Characteristics of Social Research
Questions
• Researchable
• To be researchable, the research question or problem
statement should have at least six properties. It
should be
– Interesting
– Relevant
– Feasible
– Ethical
– Concise : class, gender or power
– Answerable
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• Step – I : Go large : Brainstorming session, test the
question what you already know, previous social
knowledge, concept mapping, think widely about your
subject area, found sources other than academic
literature, talk extensively to peers, colleagues and
supervisors.
• Step – 2 : Narrowing the list
• Step – 3: Refining the questions : objectives, what, how
and how., terms, assumptions
• Step – 4: The research question

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