Training Material

Geometric Dimensioning
and Tolerancing (GD&T)

Training Kit
World Class Manufacturing Solutions (WCMS)
GD&T, Version:1, Nov 2003
Day 1 Agenda
Introduction
Introductionto
toGD&T
GD&T
Concept
Conceptof
ofFunction
Functionand
andRelationship
Relationship
ASME
ASMEY14.5
Y14.5Rules
Rules
GD&T
GD&TSymbols
Symbols
Form
FormControl
Control
Flatness,
Flatness,Straightness,
Straightness,Roundness,
Roundness,
Cylindricity
Cylindricity
Orientation
OrientationControl
Control
Perpendicularity,
Perpendicularity,Angularity,
Angularity,Parallelism
Parallelism
2
Day 2 Agenda
Composite
CompositeControls
Controls
Circular
CircularRunout
Runoutand
andTotal
Totalrunout
runout
Position
PositionControls
Controls
Position,
Position,Symmetry
Symmetryand
andConcentricity
Concentricity
Profile
ProfileControls
Controls
Profile
Profileof
ofLine
Lineand
andProfile
Profileof
ofSurface
Surface
3
Table of Contents
Chapter Description
Page
Agenda
2-3
Table of Contents
Introduction to GD&T
5-15
GD&T Fundamentals
16 - 42
Form Controls Flatness, Straightness, Roundness and Cylindricity
43- 68
Orientation Controls Perpendicularity, Angularity and Parallelism
69 - 89
Location Controls Position, Symmetry and Concentricity
90 - 132
Composite Controls Circular Runout and Total Runout
133 - 143
Profile Controls Profile of Line and Profile of Surface
144 - 151
4
1. Introduction to GD&T
The following are the guidelines followed in

developing this material
a) Principles of United states standard
ASME Y14.5M- 1994 is followed
b) All the drawings are in third angle
A method to specify the Shape of a piece of
hardware on an engineering drawing
Helps in standardizing
Helps as a common technical drawing language
for the designer, Tool manufacturer, Gage
manufacturer, Process engineer
Based on engineering and manufacturing
principles
7
Let us better understand what GD&T does to a
part by studying the drawing given in the next
slide
The drawing given in the next slide in the coordinate system
8
9
The following questions are left unanswered in the
drawing given
What does the size tolerance mean. Does it mean
that the individual feature can depart in the shape
also by the same extent as the size
In the feature, 0.820, can a bow or bend is
allowed. If not, how is this represented in the
drawing
In such a case, a micrometer used for measurement
would accept the part
1
With regard to the diameters .980, .315, 1.375, and 2.75
diameters, are they expected to be in the same axis. If there is
deviation allowed, by how much
Do the overall length of the part adequately depict the
requirement
Does the 1.750 face need to be flat
What is the basis for the 45 deg angle tolerance and the 2.125
dia tolerancing. Is it based on scientific calculation or based
on atmospheric analysis
These questions are not answered in the Co-ordinate
system of the drawing
1
GD&T are based on FUNCTION and RELATIONSHIP
as the fundamental principles
FUNCTION and RELATIONSHIP are the key words in
GD&T
Its use saves money by
Ensuring less rejections
Ensuring integrity of design requirements
Ensuring interchangeability
Providing uniformity of interpretation
Adapts and facilitate CAD, CAM applications
1
Let us now, analyze these two principles using the
Flange mount drawing given on the next slide
Next slide gives the assembly drawing of the
flange mounting
Relationship of key features between the
assembled parts and also individual parts are
clearly shown in the assembly drawing
GD&T ensures that these functions and
relationships are not lost and are translated in the
drawing and in manufacturing
1
1
1
2. GD&T Fundamentals
GD&T fundamentals
For effective implementation of geometrics following are the major
fundamentals to be understood
1) Geometric characteristics & their symbols
2) Other related symbols
3) Feature control frame & datum feature symbol
4) General rules
5) Maximum & least material condition, Regardless of feature
size
6) Distinction between form, orientation, profile, run-out &
location type tolerances
7) Tolerance zones
8) Virtual condition
1
1. Characteristics and their Symbols

Geometric tolerances are divided into five
categories
Form control
Orientation control
Location control
Composite Control
Profile controls
1
1. Characteristics and Symbols

Form Controls
Flatness
Straightness
Roundness
Cylindricity
Orientation Controls
Perpendicularity
( Squareness)
Angularity
Parallelism
Location Controls
Position
Symmetry
Concentricity
1
1. Characteristics and Symbols

Composite Controls
Profile Controls
2
2. Other related symbols and terms
2
3. Feature Control frame and Datum feature

frame
It comprises of a pictorial note which includes
a) Kind of control
b) Geometric tolerance
c) Any modifiers ( i.e. M or L )
d) Datum references & any datum reference modifiers ( i.e. M or L )
Ex.
0.00
6
0.002
Geometric char.
Geometric tol.
Tolerance zone shape
Datum reference
Modifier
2
--In feature frame control, there can be more than one Datum reference letters.
Reading from left to right , these reference letters indicate an order of precedence
of the datum feature so identified.
Ex.
C
A
B
M
0.00
6
Primary datum
Secondary datum
Tertiary datum
--When two datum letters are separated by a dash it indicates a

common data
& is established by two datum features. There fore, there is no
precedence
between the two but together they create a common datum.
Ex.
0.002
A-B
Here A-B indicate common datum

2
3. Feature control frame and Datum feature

frame
2
3. Feature control frame and Datum feature

frame
2
4. Standard Rules
ASME Y14.5 rules
Rule#1 - Limits of size rule
Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of the
individual feature describe the extent to which variation in the
geometric forms as well as size are allowed
The actual local size of an individual feature at any cross section shall
be within the specified tolerance of size
2
4. Standard Rules
2
4. Standard Rules
ASME Y14.5 rules
The control of geometric form based on size is not applicable to
the following:
a) Stock such as bars, sheets, tubing's, structural shapes
The forms of these shall be as per the industry standard norms
2
4. Standard Rules
ASME Y14.5 rules
Rule#2 a) - Material condition Rule
For all applicable geometric tolerances, RFS applies with respect to the
individual tolerance, datum reference or both, where no modifying
symbol is specified.
Modifiers for Maximum material condition and Least material
condition must be specified on the drawing where it is required
0.00
6
2
4. Standard Rules Rule #2

Characteristics and Controls which can be applicable to Size features and
modified to MMC or LMC are:
thus to which RFS applies under Rule # 2 unless
Straightness
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Parallelism
Position
Characteristics and controls which are always applicable at RFS under Rule # 2 and due to the nature of the requirement cannot be
applied at MMC or LMC are:
Circular Runout
Total Runout
Concentricity
Symmetry
Flatness
Roundness
Cylindricity
Profile of line
Profile of Surface
4. Standard Rules
Rule #2 b) Pitch Diameter Rule
Each tolerance of orientation or position and datum reference specified for a
screw thread applies to the axis of the thread derived from the pitch cylinder
Where an exception to this is necessary, it has to be mentioned below as
MAJOR or MINOR
Each tolerance of orientation or location and datum reference specified for
gears, splines must designate the specific feature of the gear to which it
applies (PITCH, MAJOR DIA, MINOR DIA)
3
4. Standard Rules
Rule #2 c) Datum/Virtual Condition Rule
A virtual condition exists for a datum feature of size where its
axis or center plane is controlled by a geometric tolerance. In
such cases, the datum feature applies at its virtual condition even
though it is referenced in a feature control frame as MMC or
LMC
3
5. MMC, LMC and RFS
3
5. MMC, LMC and RFS
3
5. MMC, LMC and RFS
3
6. Form, Orientation, Location

Type
Control
Form
Flatness
Form
Straightness
Symbol
Types of
controls
Datum
a) Surface (Plane)
No
a)
Straightness of surface
No
b)
Straightness of axis
(RFS)
c)
No
Form
Roundness
(Circularity)
a)
Straightness of axis
(MMC)
Surface
Form
Cylindricity
a)
Surface
No
Orientation
Perpendicularity
a)
Surface w.r.t Surface
Yes
b)
Axis w.r.t Surface

(RFS)
c)
Axis w.r.t Surface

(MMC)
d)
Axis w.r.t Axis
3

Type
Control
Orientation
Parallelism
Orientation
Composite
Composite
Symbol
Angularity
Circular Runout
Total Runout
Types of
controls
a)
b)
Axis w.r.t Surface(RFS)
c)
Axis w.r.t Surface (MMC)
d)
a)
Axis w.r.t Axis (MMC)

b)
Axis w.r.t Surface (RFS)
c)
a)
Axis w.r.t Surface (MMC)

Surface w.r.t axis
b)
Surface w.r.t between

centers
c)
Surface w.r.t Two

functional diameters
d)
Surface w.r.t one Face

and
one
Same
asDiameter
above
a)
Datum
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
3

Type
Control
Location
Position
Symbol
Types of
controls
a)
Floating Fastener
(Between holes)
b)
Fixed Fastener
(Between holes)
c)
Position w.r.t to edges

(as pattern) and
Position within Pattern
(Holes)
d)
Position w.r.t another

feature Hole (as
pattern) and Position
within pattern (Holes)
e)
Yes
Yes
Location
Symmetry
a)
f)
Position between
Coaxial features
Feature
SurfacenonPosition to
between
Location
Concentricity
a)
cylindrical
features
Axis to Axis
Datum
Yes
3

Type
Control
Profile
Profile of Line
Profile
Profile to Surface
Symbol
Types of
controls
Datum
a)
Line to Surface
Yes
a)
Surface to Surface
Yes
To Summarize, there are 35 different types of Geometric controls that can be

designed using the 14 geometric characteristics
3
7. Tolerance Zones
Tolerance zone describes numerically as well as pictorially,

represent the extent of the permissible deviation from the
desired form, orientation, location, profile or runout
If the diameter symbol is used before the numerical value, it
means it is a diametrical tolerance zone (always used in axis
control), otherwise it is the distance between parallel lines.
0.00
6
4
8. Virtual Condition
Refer to Rule # 2c for the definition of Virtual Condition
4
Paired comparison
Exercise # 1 GD&T fundamentals

Complete the exercise for
Chapter - 2
4
Geometric Controls detailed explanation
3. Form Controls
Flatness
Straightness
Roundness
Cylindricity
Form Controls - Application
Purpose of these form controls are

To control features critical to fit, function or
interchangeability
Tolerances of size do not provide adequate control
Other geometrical tolerance controls are to be refined
4
Flatness
Definition:
Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in one
plane.
Flatness tolerance specifies a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes within
which the surface must lie.
Flatness tolerance must be less than the associated size tolerance ( and often more
logically, less than one-half of the size tolerance)
The flatness tolerance is applied in a view of the drawing where the surface elements to
be controlled are shown as a straight line ( the side view of the plane)
The feature control frame is shown on an extension line of the surface, or attached to a
leader directed to the surface.
4
Flatness
Flatness tolerance does not associate with a datum reference ; the

actual surface relates to a perfect counterpart of itself, a plane; thus, no
datum is needed nor proper.
Flatness tolerance relates to a surface with area but no size; therefore ,
MMC or RFS principles can not be applied to flatness.
Flatness tolerance is normally applied to uninterrupted surfaces; for
coplanar surfaces see profile tolerancing.
The concerned surface must also be within the specified limits of size
and the boundary of perfect form at MMC.
4
Flatness
4
Straightness
The following are the different controls that can be

defined for Straightness
Straightness of Axis (RFS)
Straightness of Axis (MMC)
4
Straightness of Surface
The straightness tolerance is applied in a view of the drawing where the feature to be
controlled are shown as a straight line
All elements of the surface are to be within the specified size tolerance and the boundary
of perfect form at MMC
Each longitudinal element of the surface must lie between parallel lines the stated
tolerance apart and in a plane common with the nominal axis (cylindrical part) or a
longitudinal plane normal to the surface (flat part)
The straightness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance (generally less than of
the size tolerance)
Straightness of surface elements related to a line which has no size, therefore MMC or
RFS principles cannot be applied
Since boundary of perfect form at MMC must not be violated, waisting or barreling may
prevent the use of the full straightness tolerance
5
5
Straightness of an axis(RFS)
The diameter symbol precedes the tolerance value in the feature control
frame
The boundary of perfect form may be exceeded to the extent of the stated
tolerance (rule #1 does not apply)
An outer or inner boundary results i.e. collective effect of the MMC size plus
(for shafts) and minus (for holes) the straightness tolerance
In this case, the straightness tolerance can be greater than the size
tolerance where necessary
Each circular element (actual local size) must be within the specified limits
of size
The derived median must be within the straightness tolerance zone, RFS
5
Straightness of an axis(RFS)
5
Straightness of an axis (MMC)
The straightness tolerance is applied in a view of the drawing where the axis to be
controlled is shown .
The feature controlled frame is placed with the size dimension in the same view.
The diameter symbol precedes the tol. Value in feature controlled frame .
The boundary of perfect form may be exceeded to the extent of the stated tolerance
.
A virtual condition results i.e the collective effect of the MMC size ,plus (for shafts),
minus (for holes) , the straightness tolerance
5
The straightness tolerance applies at MMC , as the actual size of the feature frame controlled departs from
MMC , the tolerance increases to the amount of that departure.
The straightness tolerance may be greater than the size tolerance where necessary .
Each circular element must be within specified limit of size
Straightness tolerance does not associate with datum reference
Straightness tolerance of this variety deals with a feature of size , therefore , the principles of MMC(RFS) is
usable.
Straightness of an axis applied on an MMC is effective when dealing with mating parts (pin in hole etc) and
captures part function and interface
5
5
Straightness of a center plane (RFS or MMC)
5
Roundness (Circularity)
Definition: Circularity is a condition of a surface of revolution

Where w.r.t to a cylinder or cone , all points of the surface intersected by any plane perpendicular
to a common axis are equidistant from that axis .
Where w.r.t a sphere , all points of the surface intersected by any plane passing through a common
center are equidistant from that centre
The circularity tolerance is applied in either view of the drawing , whichever is most convenient .
The feature control frame is attached to the concerned surface by a leader .
All elements of the surface are to be within the specified

size tolerance and the boundary of a perfect form at MMC.
5
Each circular element of the cylindrical surface must lie in a tolerance zone between 2
concentric circles the stated tolerance apart and in a plane perpendicular to the part
nominal axis.
The circularity tol. must be less than the size tolerance .
Circularity tolerance does not associate with the datum reference , each circular element
relates to a perfect counterpart of itself , a circle thus no datum is needed nor proper .
Circularity of each circular element compares the form of each element to a circle .
Since the control of the surface itself is of concern , its size variation is irrelevant to the
form . Therefore , MMC or RFS principles cannot be applied .
5
Part size may vary within its size tolerance , yet the circularity tolerance
remains the same . Where size of the produced part approaches LMC , the
roundness tolerance proportionately diminishes .
Circularity tolerance may be applied to any part which is circular in cross

section .
Verification with a conventional v block methods must recognize the variable

involved i.e the lobing effect on the part , angle of the V-BLOCK ,
out of straightness of the longitudinal axis etc.
6
6
Circularity of Cone
The circularity tolerance is applied in the side view on the drawing . The
feature control frame is attached to the conical surface by a leader .
All elements of the conical surface must lie within the specified size tolerances.
Each circular element of the conical surface must lie in a tolerance zone
between 2 concentric circles the stated tolerance apart and in a plane
perpendicular to the nominal axis of the conical surface .
The circularity tolerance must be less than the controlling size tolerances,
logically , les than one half the controlling size tolerances .
6
Circularity of Cone
6
Cylindricity
Definition :
Is a condition of surface of revolution in which all points of the surface are equidistant from a common axis .
Cylindricity tolerance (C.T) specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two concentric cylinders within which the
surface must lie .
The Cylindricity tolerance must be less than the feature size tolerance .
Cylindricity tolerance is a composite control of form which includes circularity , straightness & taper .
Cylindricity tolerance differs from circularity tolerance in that it applies to the total surface (entire length)
simultaneously .
All the elements of the surface controlled are to be within the specified size tolerance and the boundary of
perfect form at MMC .
6
Cylindricity
C.T relates to the control of the surface form which is irrelevant to size ,
therefore RFS or MMC principle cannot be applied.
C.T is applicable only to cylindrical features , either inside or outside cylinders.
C.T does not associate with a datum reference , the cylindrical elements relate
to a perfect counterpart of itself, a cylinder , thus no datum is needed , nor
proper.
Part size may vary within its size tolerance , yet the cylindricity tolerance
remains the same . Where the size of the product approaches LMC, C.T
proportionately diminishes .
6
Cylindricity
6
Quick reference for Form tolerances

Control
Symbol
Types of tolerancing
Calculation of
tolerances
Inspection
method
MMC
applicable
Datum
Flatness
a) Surface (Plane)
< of the size

tolerance
Dial
No
No
Straightness
Straightness of the
surface
< of the size

tolerance
Dial
No
No
Straightness
Straightness of the axis

(RFS)
Based on the
function and fitment
Dial
Yes
No
Straightness
Straightness of the axis

(MMC)
Functional gage
Yes
No
Roundness
Roundness of the surface
Based on the fitment

(Clearance 0 and
interchangeability
< of the size
tolerance
Roundness tester
No
No
Cylindricity
Cylindricity of the surface
< of the size

tolerance
Composite
checking
No
No
6
Paired comparison
Exercise # 2 Form Tolerances

Chapter - 3
6
4. Orientation Controls
Perpendicularity
( Squareness)
Angularity
Parallelism
Orientation Controls - Application
Orientation controls are applied when

Relationship of features (surfaces or size features) are
required but which do not include location controls
A refinement tolerance control of orientation within a
location control for the feature or features is required
Where otherwise anticipated controls like workmanship,
standards etc. are insufficient
Orientation controls always require a datum
7
Datum Features - Application
Definition ;
Is theoretically exact point , axis , or plane derived from true geometric counterpart of a specified datum feature . A
datum is the origin from which the location or geometric characteristics of features of part is established .
A datum is established from an actual part feature .
A datum feature refers to actual part feature and thus includes all the inaccuracies and irregularities of produced
feature.
A datum feature is indicated on drawing by appropriately attaching or relating the datum feature symbol to the
desired feature .
In manufacturing or verification , reference cannot be made from theoretical plane or axis.

Therefore such a reference is referred to as simulated datum feature and is assumed to exist in the precise
manufacturing or inspection equipment such as fixtures , gage pins , surface plates , collets , chucks , mandrels
etc. , the datum feature simulators .
7
Datum Features - Application
7
Perpendicularity
Perpendicularity is the condition of a surface , median plane , or a axis at a right angle (90) to a
datum plane or axis
A perpendicularity tolerance specifies one of the below:
A tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes perpendicular to a datum plane or axis within which a
surface or median plane of the considered feature must lie
A tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines perpendicular to a datum axis within which the axis of
the considered feature must lie
A cylindrical tolerance zone perpendicular to a datum plane within which the axis of the considered
feature must lie
A tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines perpendicular to a datum plane or axis within which an
element of the surface must lie
Perpendicularity controls can be of the following types:
Surface to Surface
Axis to Surface (RFS)
Axis to Surface (MMC)
Axis to Axis
7
Perpendicularity (Surface to Surface)
Perpendicularity is often referred to as Squareness
A Perpendicularity tolerance always requires a datum reference , a relationship of a feature in its orientation to datum
feature .
A Perpendicularity tolerance applied to a surface also controls the flatness of the controlled surface to the extent of
the stated tolerance .
The concerned feature must be within the specified limits of size .
Perpendicularity tolerance to a surface should be applied in a view of the drawing where the relationship appears .
The collective effect of the size dimension and the perpendicularity tolerances should be considered in the part
assembly and other relationships
The datum feature error is not accumulative to the related feature being controlled , the relationship is from the datum
plane
7
Perpendicularity (Surface to Surface)
7
Perpendicularity (Axis to Surface RFS)
The Perpendicularity tolerance zone for a cylindrical feature of size , such as pin which
projects from a surface , is a tolerance zone of the stated tolerance and perpendicular to
the datum plane .Where the Perpendicularity tolerance is specified on RFS basis , the
tolerance indicated is maximum regardless of the actual mating size of the produced
feature . The derived axis of the produced feature must lie within that tolerance zone .
The controlled feature must be within the specified limits of size and within the specified
tolerance of location . Therefore Perpendicularity control of a size feature is normally a
refinement of another control ( I.e position) in terms of its orientation relative to the
specified datum
The diameter symbol is normally included preceding the perpendicularity tolerance value
in the feature control frame where a feature of size, such as a pin, is related to a datum
surface only. However without the diameter symbol, the derived meaning could be
assumed the same i.e the tolerance zone would be between two parallel planes of
infinite rotation , thus developing a cylindrical zone tolerance .
The collective effect of the MMC size of the controlled feature such as a pin , and its
perpendicularity tolerance develop an outer boundary . This collective effect of the
possible feature error is considered as necessary in the relationship with other parts in
the design requirements . This consideration usually is a factor in determining that a
perpendicularity tolerance is necessary and in establishing the permissible amount of
such a tolerance
Perpendicularity (Surface to Axis RFS)
7
Perpendicularity (Axis to Surface - MMC)
The Perpendicularity tolerance zone for a cylindrical feature of size , such as pin which projects from
a surface , is a tolerance zone of the stated tolerance and perpendicular to the datum plane .Where
the Perpendicularity tolerance is applied on MMC basis , the permissible perpendicularity tolerance
increases an amount equal to the produced feature actual mating size departure from MMC size .
The axis of the produced feature must lie within that tolerance zone .
Where functional interface of mating parts is involved , the MMC principle should be considered . In
terms of perpendicularity, such a tolerance is usually determined by the clearance between pin and
mating part hole .
Functional gaging is possible and practical when MMC principles are invoked . Such gaging is
usually a simulation of the mating part interface . The virtual condition and gage member size are
synonymous
The controlled feature must be within the specified limits of size and within the specified tolerance of
location . Therefore Perpendicularity control of a size feature is normally a refinement of another
control ( i.e position) in terms of its orientation relative to the specified datum .
7
Perpendicularity (Surface to Axis MMC)
7
Perpendicularity (Non-cylindrical feature)
8
Angularity
Angularity is the condition of the surface , axis or the median plane which is at a specified angle ( other than
90) from a datum plane or axis .
Angularity tolerance always requires a datum reference , it is control of a feature in its orientation to a datum
feature .
Angularity tolerance always requires that the desired angle be indicated as a basic angle .
The angular relationship of the controlled feature ( surface or axis ) is not affected by the surface irregularities of
the datum feature since the relationship is from the datum plane or axis .
Angularity tolerance applied to a surface includes a control of flatness to the extent of the stated angularity
tolerance
Angularity tolerance is independent of the size tolerance and is verified separately . The part must also meet all
size requirements .Aspects of the controlled angular surface ( I.e corner ) , which is also dimensioned and
toleranced as a separate requirement , must also meet such requirements .
8
Angularity
8
Parallelism of surface
The considered feature surface must lie within a tolerance zone between two parallel planes, the stated tolerance
apart, which is Parallel to the datum plane.
Parallelism tolerance always requires a datum reference; it is the control of a feature in its orientation to a datum
feature.
Parallelism tolerance is shown in the view of the drawing where the parallel relationship is seen. An appropriate
feature control frame is used.
The parallelism tolerance must be must be less than the associated

Size dimension ( and more appropriately less than one-half the size tolerance).
Parallelism tolerance applied to a surface includes a control of flatness to the extent of the stated parallelism
tolerance.
The parallelism tolerance and the size tolerance is verified separately. The surface must be within the specified
size limits
8
Parallelism of Surface
8
Parallelism of Axis to Surface
8
Parallelism of Axis to Axis
8
Quick reference for Orientation tolerances

Control
Symbol
Calculation of
tolerances
Inspection
method
MMC
applicable
Datum
Perpendicularity
Surface to Surface
Based on the
function
Dial
No
Yes
Perpendicularity
Dial
Yes
Yes
Perpendicularity
Functional gage
Yes
Yes
Angularity
Surface to Surface
Based on the
function and
relation with
other parts
Based on fitment
and clearances
required for fitment
Based on the
function
Dial
No
Yes
Angularity
Dial
Yes
Yes
Angularity
Based on the
function and relation
with other parts
Based on fitment
and clearances
Functional gage
Yes
Yes
8
Quick reference for Orientation tolerances

Control
Symbol
Calculation of
tolerances
Inspection
method
MMC
applicable
Datum
Parallelism
Surface to Surface
Based on the
function
Dial
No
Yes
Perpendicularity
Dial
Yes
Yes
Perpendicularity
Functional gage
Yes
Yes
Perpendicularity
Axis to Axis (MMC)
Based on the
function and
relation with
other parts
Based on fitment
and clearances
Base don the fitment
and clearances
Functional gage
Yes
Yes
8
Paired comparison
Exercise # 3 Orientation Tolerances

Chapter - 4
8
5. Location Controls
Position
Symmetry
Concentricity
Location Controls - Application
Location tolerances are used to control the following types of

relationship
Center distances between features such as pins, holes, projections
etc..
Location of features as a group relative to a datum or datums
Co-axiality between a feature or features relative to a datum axis
Centrality between a non-cylindrical feature or features relative to a
datum center-plane
9
Position tolerance
Following controls are possible in position tolerance
Center distance between holes Fixed Fastener

Center distance between holes - Floating Fastener
Position with respect to edges (as pattern) and Position within
pattern (Holes) - Composite
Position with respect to another feature Hole (as pattern) and
Position within pattern (Holes)
Position between Coaxial features Mating parts
Position between non Cylindrical features Mating parts
9
Datum reference frame (Three plan concept)
9
Datum reference frame (Three plan concept)
9
Datum Targets
9
Positional Tolerance Theory
9
Positional Tolerance Theory
9
Center Distance between holes

Floating Fastener
Position tolerancing is effective when controlling location of mating part features

Where both mating parts have clearance holes to accommodate a fastener as means of assembly, the floating
fastener method of calculation can be used to determine the position tolerance
The size of the fastener is selected and the appropriate size of the clearance holes are then determined and
specified as based upon the designer discretion or as per standard
The MMC of both the mating features are used to calculate the positional tolerance
Formula is T = H- F (H Hole F Fastener) Both at are MMC
Where datum references are required to ensure orientation control of the holes relative to the respective mating
surfaces, they are used
Functional gage principles are utilized where MMC are specified. Gage Pin size is determined as P = H T
Soft gaging (CMM) may also be used for inspection
9

Floating Fastener
9

Fixed Fastener
Where one part has clearance hole to accommodate fixed pins (or fasteners) on the
mating part or assembly, the fixed fastener method of calculation is used to
determine the position tolerances
The sizes of the mating features are determined as per the standard or designer
discretion
The tolerance is calculated as follows; T = (H-F)/2 both at MMC
Where desirable to select a more suitable distribution of tolerance between the
parts, the calculated total tolerance may be divided between the parts
Functional gage is used to verify the position of the holes. Gage Pin size is given by
the formula P = H T
1

Fixed Fastener
1
Position Tolerance Datum reference
1
Center Distance and Relation to Edges
Where a position tolerance is applied to the features in a pattern (i.e. holes) and the pattern relationship to
outside part edges (or other features) is less critical, the composite position tolerance method may be used.
In such applications the required precision in pattern ( feature relating tolerance) can be stated, yet the
pattern ( as a unit) may be separately stated with more lenient control relative to the part edges ( datum
features) with a pattern location tolerance. The MMC principle is usually most appropriate in such
applications.
Where the composite positional tolerancing method is used, datum's are required. The datum reference
frame and datum precedence is also used. This will ensure proper functional interface with the component or
part which mounts to the located features ( i.e. holes) and on the indicated surface (datum). Although rare , it
is permissible to omit datum's in the feature relating tolerance callout
The features (holes) on the example shown may individually vary from their true position within the specified
feature relating position tolerance & the established t zones at each true position and as oriented to datum
A. The hole pattern relative to the specified datum's (i.e. A, B & C) may shift/rotate from true position within
the specified Pattern locating position tolerance. These two requirements are both applicable to the feature
pattern but are separate requirements.
The feature control frame is constructed as a composite symbol with the pattern locating position tolerance
in the upper portion and the feature relating position tolerance in the lower portion of the symbol. There is
no significance as to whether each portion is in the upper or lower segment; the datum indicators and the
tolerance values are the key criteria. The method shown is standard.
It should be noted that in the composite positional tolerancing method , one control (i.e. position) is used on
both portions of the requirement. The discipline of the datum reference frame ensures clarity of design intent
and production uniformity.
1
Orientation of the features (holes) in the pattern and their location with respect to true
position and one another must be within the feature relating position tolerance ( i.e.
.008). To ensure that this requirement clearly indicates an orientation relationship ( if
required per the design), the primary datum is stated.
Functional gaging techniques may be used when composite positional tolerance is

applied on an MMC basis. Two separate gages would normally be used. The gage for
the pattern-locating
Positional tolerance (i.e. .030) would include pick-up of the datum surfaces in an
appropriate manner & with the virtual condition & nominal gage member size
determined by MMC size of the feature (hole) minus the stated positional tolerance; the
formula is
GP = H T (.198 = .206 .030)
The gage for the in-the-pattern positional tolerance (.008) would include a pick up of
the primary datum (only) & with the virtual condition and the nominal gage member size
determined by MMC size of the feature (hole) minus the stated positional tolerance; the
formula is
GP = H T (.198 = .206 .008)
1

Note that the nominal gage pin sizes are the virtual conditions sizes of the holes
developed from their respective position tolerances. Described above are hard
gages." Soft gaging principles, using computer or electronic means to accomplish
the same task via CMM data, software programs & mathematical manipulation, are
in common use as well.
Composite tolerance principles may be extended to numerous other applications.
For ex., if it is desired to maintain an orientation of the feature relating tolerance
datum reference frame to both datums A & B the Called out would be:
The added datum B gives orientation to the pattern true positions ( i.e. parallel to
secondary datum B) but not location. The functional gage principles for the feature
relating pattern would then require an added sliding rail similar to that shown in
Slide no.
.030
.008
A B
1
1
Center Distance and Relation to another

Feature (Hole)
Where a position tolerance is applied to features in a pattern (i.e. holes) and the pattern
relationship is to another feature, such as a pilot hole, that feature can be indicated as a
locating datum. In such a case, the location of the surrounding feature (holes) pattern
relative to the pilot hole is the critical requirement. A mating part situation with a pilot pin
surrounded by its counterpart features (pins, tapped holes) can be envisioned as the mating
part interface.
The pilot hole feature may first be specified with a more lenient positional tolerance relative
to the selected outside features. Where necessary , a refinement in orientation (i.e. a
perpendicularity tolerance) may be necessary to ensure the proper pilot hole orientation
( squareness) & the pilot pin mating part interface. Since the datum feature (the pilot hole) is
a size feature the MMC principle can be applied if appropriate to the design requirement;
for ex., if there is to be a clearance fit between the pilot hole & pilot pin at assembly.
Where the surrounding holes are to interface with mating part features (i.e. pins, tapped
holes) their positional tolerance is calculated using the fixed fastener formula and maximum
material condition is specified. The location dimensions for the surrounding holes are
specified relative to the pilot hole.
The datum references specified with the surrounding holes are, first, the orientation
(squareness ) datum ( top surface) as the primary datum, the location datum ( pilot hole) as
the secondary datum, and an outside surface as the tertiary datum.
1

Feature (Hole)
As indicated by the Datum/Virtual Condition Rule, the pilot hole ( the secondary &
locating datum), is implied at its virtual condition. That is, the pilot hole has been
permitted orientation tolerance in its control. This, therefore, must be recognized in
its pick-up in fixturing & inspection and as pertinent to the part function.
Where MMC is specified to the surrounding holes and also to the pilot hole, the full
advantages of MMC are realized. Part function is assured, additional production
tolerance is available, and functional gaging techniques may be used. As each
surrounding hole actual mating size departs from its MMC in production, an increase
in the hole position tolerance is realized to the extent of that departure; as the pilot
hole actual mating size departs from its MMC in production , the shift of the
surrounding hole pattern as a group is permissible relative to the pilot hole.
Functional gaging is permissible ( but not required ) when MMC is specified .

Functional gaging would simulate the mating part interface , expedite inspection
operations, and effectively capture the subtle interplay between feature size and
location . Feature sizes must be verified separately and independently . Open set
up measuring techniques can , of course be used in lieu of the functional gaging
with uniform results
1

Feature (Hole)
1
Position Tolerance Co-axial features
Position tolerancing is particularly practical and effective when controlling

location of coaxial mating part features on an MMC basis .
Where one part has clearance holes ( bores , counterbores etc. ) and the mating
part has corresponding features ( pins shafts etc.) , the fixed fastener method of
calculation can be used to determine the position tolerances on both part mating
features
The sizes of the mating features are determined and specified as based upon
the designer discretion or as selected from standards recommendations .
The MMC sizes of the mating features i.e the shaft and related hole , are used to
calculate the position Tolerance for these features on both parts .
The results of the fixed fastener calculation derives the positional tolerance for
both parts using the formula T =( H-S)/2
i.e ( 0.0025 = ( 0.711- 0.706)/2)
1
H = hole MMC
S = shaft MMC
Where there is a relationship of only one feature to the datum feature on each part , an
extension of the fixed fastener method maybe used to directly derive maximum tolerance
and yet assure function and assembly using the formula T= ( ( H-S) + ( D2-D1)) / 2
i.e 0.005 = (( 0.711- 0.706) + ( 0.905- 0.900) ) /2
D1 =Datum shaft MMC

D2 = Datum hole MMC
Where desirable to select a more suitable distribution of tolerance between the mating part
features , the calculated total tolerance may be divided between parts i.e where 0.01 is the
total tolerance to be distributed , such combinations as 0.006 and 0.004 , 0.007 and 0.003
etc .
This is done at the design stage before release to production .
Where MMC is specified , the stated positional tolerances on each part are individually
increased an amount equal to the actual mating size departure from MMC size as the holes
and shafts are produced
1
1
Position Tolerance
Design of Co-axial gages
1
Position Tolerance
Composite control of Co-axial features
1
Position Tolerance Non cylindrical features
Position tolerancing is particularly practical and effective when controlling

location of non cylindrical mating part features on an MMC basis .
Where one part has slots and the mating part has external width features , the
fixed fastener method of calculation can be used to determine the position
tolerances on both part mating features
The sizes of the mating features are determined and specified as based upon
the designer discretion or as selected from standards recommendations .
The MMC sizes of the mating features i.e the slots and related external width,
are used to calculate the position Tolerance for these features on both parts .
The results of the fixed fastener calculation derives the positional tolerance
for both parts using the formula T =( SL - W)/2
i.e ( 0.003 = ( 0.466- 0.460)/2)
1
SL = slot MMC
W = external width MMC
Where there is a relationship of only one feature to the datum feature on each part ,
an extension of the fixed fastener method maybe used to directly derive maximum
tolerance and yet assure function and assembly.
Where desirable to select a more suitable distribution of tolerance between the

mating part features , the calculated total tolerance may be divided between parts i.e
where 0.006 is the total tolerance to be distributed , such combinations as 0.002
and 0.004 , 0.0025 and 0.0035 etc . This is done at the design stage before release
to production .
Where MMC is specified , the stated positional tolerances on each part are
individually increased an amount equal to the actual mating size departure from
MMC size as the slots & widths are produced .
1
1
Converting from Position to Co-ordinate

and Vice-versa
Conversion from stated positional tolerance on the drawing to equivalent

tolerances maybe necessary for tool building , prototype parts manufactures ,
inspection etc.
Tool designers , tool makers , machinists , model makers , inspectors etc. can
convert positional tolerances to equivalent tolerances by the use of rule of thumb
Conversion from the stated coordinate ( ) tolerance to the equivalent positional

tolerance can be useful to production engineers , inspectors etc. who may wish to
isolate possible problem areas ; such as , where parts may assemble but have been
previously rejected on the basis of the permissible coordinate tolerance on the
drawing .This method may help trouble shoot problems in general .
This is not the method used to determine positional tolerances in design .
1

and Vice-versa
1

and Vice-versa
1
Inspection methods for Position

Tolerances
1
Translating Position tolerance

to Tool tolerance
1
Positional Tolerancing
Functional Gaging Design
Functional gaging simulates individual part feature function and their interface
with mating part features . IT ensures proper assembly and fulfillment of
design requirements while also encouraging economic advantages to
production and inspection .
The MMC principle and methodology must be specified before functional

gaging is permissible.
Functional gaging verifies the geometric tolerances only ; feature size

tolerances must individually and separately proven .Such exception would be
when zero tolerancing method ( position , perpendicularity ) are used which
permits the functional gage to be utilized also as a go size gage if desired .
The nominal gage member size for each control feature is synonymous
with is virtual is developed from the MMC size and the geometric tolerances
assigned. The
formula to derive virtual condition & gage pin size for
hole feature is
gage pin = Hole (MMC) Position tolerance
1
Positional Tolerancing
Functional Gaging Design
1
Symmetry
Symmetry is that condition where the median points of all opposed or

correspondingly located elements of two or more feature surfaces are
congruent within the axis or center plane of a datum feature.
Symmetry tolerance is the distance between two parallel planes
equally disposed about the center plane of the datum feature.
Symmetry tolerance is a variety of a locational tolerance & is always
applied RFS.
Where necessary, two datum features ( a primary and secondary
datum) are specified to stabilize the part to two planes.
Verification procedures require analysis of a necessary number of
measurements at opposed elements of the controlled feature surfaces
& differential or direct comparison of these measurements to determine
the resultant feature median points. These median points must be
within the tolerance zone about the datum center plane.
All size tolerances must be met independent of the symmetry tolerance
1
Symmetry
1
Concentricity
Concentricity is that condition where the median points of all diametrically opposed elements of a
figure of revolution ( or correspondingly located elements of 2 or more radially disposed
features ) are congruent with the axis ( or centre point ) of a datum feature .
Concentricity tolerance - A Concentricity tolerance is a cylindrical ( or spherical ) tolerance zone
whose axis ( or centre point ) coincides with the axis or centre point of the datum feature(s) . The
median of all correspondingly located elements of the feature(s) being controlled , RFS must lie
within the cylindrical or spherical tolerance zone . The specified tolerance and the datum
reference can only apply on RFS basis
Concentricity tolerance is an axis to axis type of control which can effectively relate coaxial
features where part tolerance , uniform distribution of part feature mass in rotation , controlling
the geometry of a non rigid rotational part , etc is required .
Concentricity tolerance is more restrictive and potentially costly requirement due to the possible
need for detailed analysis of the part in verification .Before concentricity tolerance is selected ,
the options of position tolerance at MMC or runout tolerance tolerance should be considered .
Concentricity tolerance considers in composite the effect of various surface errors such as out of
straightness, out of circularity out of cylindricity , etc as the median points are determined .
Concentricity verification requires a form of differential measurement at opposed elements of the
surface , to determine the resultant feature median point .Where precision spindle machine
methods are used, polar graph printout and analysis with overlay gages will achieve the same
results . Computerization analysis is also used where such capability is available .
Concentricity tolerance is always specified and implied on an RFS basis .If MMC principles are
desired ,consider position tolerance .
All size tolerance must be met independent of the concentricity tolerance .
1
Concentricity
1
Restrained Features
Where a non-rigid part must be verified in condition which simulates part

assembly or interface with mating parts , the part maybe restrained during such
verification .
Restraining part means that during verification the appropriate features , as indicated
by the drawing symbols and notes , are mounted , held, or stabilized to conditions or
forces which simulate the part function or assembly requirements. Suitable fixturing
and measuring processes are introduced to achieve simulation .
Appropriate geometric tolerance and datum symbols are placed on the drawing to
specify the relationship desired . A note describing the conditions under which these
requirements are to met including the word RESTRAINED , is added to the drawing
When the amount of the restraint is not specifically indicated the restraint implied is
that required to simulate part function or assembly .
Restrained features are typically found on weldments, pressure vessels, fabricated

sheet metal parts , bulkheads etc.
1
Quick reference for Location tolerances

Control
Calculation of
tolerances
Inspection
method
MMC
applicable
Datum
Position
Center distance (Floating

fastener)
T=HF
Functional
gage/CMM
Yes
Yes
Position
Center distance (Fixed

fastener)
T = (H F)/2
Yes
Yes
Position
Center distance and

distance from edge
Yes
Yes
Position
Center distance and

distance from
another feature
Coaxial features
T = H F (For
distance within
features)
T = H F (for
distance within
features)
T = (H-S)/2
Functional
gage/CM
M
Two functional
gages/ CMM
Two functional
gages/ CMM
Yes
Yes
Functional gage
Yes
Yes
Functional gage
Yes
Yes
Position
Symbol
T = (H-S) +
Position
Non cylindrical features
(D2-D1)/2
T = (SL-W)/2
1
Quick reference for Location tolerances

Control
Symbol
Calculation of
tolerances
Inspection
method
MMC
applicable
Datum
Symmetry
Symmetry of Hole or slot

with respect to surface
Based on fitment
and function
Dial
No
Yes
Concentricity
Axis to Axis
Based on function
Dial
No
Yes
1
Paired comparison
Exercise # 4 Location Tolerances

Chapter - 5
1
5. Composite Controls
Composite Controls - Application
Runout is the composite deviation from the desired form and orientation of a part surface of
revolution during full rotation (360 deg) of the part on a datum axis
Circular Runout contains the following composite errors
Circularity (Roundness)
Concentricity
Other surface errors
Total Runout contains the following composite errors
Circularity
Concentricity
Straightness
Cylindricity
Taper
Other surface errors

Runout tolerance indicates the permissible error of the controlled feature surface when rotated
about a datum axis.
Typical applications are on rotating shafts, shafts to bearings where more precise surface to
axis relationship is required
1
Runout Surface to Axis
Circular runout is a less stringent requirement than the total runout as it

controls only circular elements of a surface individually and independently
from one another
Runout always requires a datum reference. When the datum is an outside

cylindrical feature, the simulated cylinder, and its derived axis, is
established by the minimum circumscribed cylinder which will contact
(closed upon) the extremities of the datum feature. A bearing mount to the
datum feature would be a typical design requirement
Runout tolerance is applicable only on an RFS basis
1
Runout Surface to Axis
1
Runout Between Centers
Run-out tolerance can be related to a datum axis established by two part

centers in such a case, the part function and final mounting is on the
centers. The two centering features are individually specified as datum's
thus establishing a common datum axis which the part rotates
Where the datum axis is established from two internal centers, it is the
maximum inscribed true cone which will contact the extremities of the two
produced centers (cones); the two true cones can be represented by
machining or inspection centers.
Where total runout is specified, the concerned surface must be within the
stated runout tolerance across the entire feature when rotated 360 deg
about the datum axis
1
Runout Between Centers
1
Runout Between two functional

Diameters
This is given for parts mounted to bearings. The bearing mount diameters
are selected as the datum's
Runout error can possibly accumulate between features where they are
relative to the same datum. This error will be to the extent of the sum of the
concerned runout tolerances
Where accumulation of runout error may need to be controlled between

specific features, one of the features should be selected and specified as
datum feature. The second feature is then related to it with an appropriate
feature control frame and referenced to that datum. In such cases,
maximum runout error permitted between the two features is that stated on
the drawing
Runout can also be applied to surfaces at right angles to the datum axis.
Such application can control perpendicularity, wobble etc..
1
Runout Between two functional

Diameters
1
Runout Face and one Diameter
1
Quick reference for Composite tolerances

Control
Symbol
Calculation of
tolerances
Inspection
method
MMC
applicable
Datum
Circular and
Total Runout
Surface to Axis
Based on function in
rotation
Dial
No
Yes
Circular and
Total Runout
Surface to Between
centers
rotation
Dial
No
Yes
Circular and
Total Runout
Surface to Two functional

diameters
rotation
Dial
No
Yes
Circular and
total Runout
Surface to One functional

diameter and face
rotation
Dial
No
Yes
1
Paired comparison
Exercise # 5 Composite Tolerances

Chapter - 6
1
5. Profile Tolerances
Profile Tolerances - Application
Profile tolerance specifies a uniform boundary along the desired true profile within
which the feature elements (surface or line) must lie
Profile tolerance is a method used to specify a permissible deviation from the

desired profile
Profile tolerance is used to control form or combination of form, size, orientation and
location of a feature
Where profile is used as refinement of size, the profile tolerance must be less than
the size tolerance
The direction of arrow indicates whether it is Bilateral or Unilateral and if Unilateral,

in which direction
1
Profile of a Surface
This tolerance is a three dimensional zone and is the distance between two
boundaries disposed about the desired true profile or entirely disposed on one side
of the desired true profile( based on the position of the arrow)
Where necessary for clarification, letter (i.e X and Y) are used to indicate the start
and the end of the profile
Profile of a surface control is usually a combination of size, form, orientation and

sometimes location control
Profile of surface control requires consideration of datum references to ensure

proper relationship of the profile to mounting surfaces
MMC principles are not applicable to profile control
1
Profile of a Surface
1
Profile of a Surface ( All-round)
1
Profile of a Surface (Coplanar surface)
Profile of a surface can be used to control two or more surfaces where it is desired
to specify interrupted or non-continuous surfaces in their co planarity
Co planarity is the condition of the two or more surfaces have all elements in one
plane
In this case, profile tolerance provides a control similar to that as established by

flatness on a single plane surface
Profile of a surface tolerance, applied to control co planarity, defines a tolerance

zone between two parallel planes within which the considered surfaces must lie
Where two or more surfaces are involved, specified surfaces can be selected as
datum's if pertinent to the part function. In such cases, the profile tolerance zone
applies to all the coplanar surfaces including the designated surface features
1
Profile of a Surface (Coplanar surface)
1
Quick reference for Profile tolerances

Control
Profile of Line
Profile of
Surface
Profile of
Surface
Symbol
Calculation of
tolerances
Inspection
method
MMC
applicable
Datum
Line element of the

surface with respect to
another surface
Surface (Plane) with
respect to another
surface
Co planarity check
Based on fitment
and function
Dial
No
Yes
Based on fitment
and function
Dial
No
Yes
Based on fitment
and function
Dial/Gage
No
Yes
1

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Geometric Dimensioning

and Tolerancing (GD&T)

World Class Manufacturing Solutions (WCMS)

GD&T, Version:1, Nov 2003

World Class Manufacturing Solutions (WCMS)

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Form Controls Flatness, Straightness, Roundness and Cylindricity

Orientation Controls Perpendicularity, Angularity and Parallelism

Location Controls Position, Symmetry and Concentricity

Composite Controls Circular Runout and Total Runout

Profile Controls Profile of Line and Profile of Surface

World Class Manufacturing Solutions (WCMS)

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GD&T, Version:1, Nov 2003

The following are the guidelines followed in

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GD&T, Version:1, Nov 2003

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GD&T, Version:1, Nov 2003

1. Characteristics and their Symbols

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1. Characteristics and Symbols

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1. Characteristics and Symbols

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2. Other related symbols and terms

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3. Feature Control frame and Datum feature

--When two datum letters are separated by a dash it indicates a

Here A-B indicate common datum

3. Feature control frame and Datum feature

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3. Feature control frame and Datum feature

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4. Standard Rules Rule #2

thus to which RFS applies under Rule # 2 unless

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GD&T, Version:1, Nov 2003

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5. MMC, LMC and RFS

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5. MMC, LMC and RFS

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5. MMC, LMC and RFS

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6. Form, Orientation, Location

Surface w.r.t Surface

Axis w.r.t Surface

Axis w.r.t Surface

Axis w.r.t Axis

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6. Form, Orientation, Location

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Surface w.r.t Surface