ComputerAidedDesign

EngineeringDrawings
(Blueprints2DDetailDrafting)

1.
2.

Content
s
2DDrawingPrinciples:

Tolerances

3.

ANSI/ISOToleranceDesignation

4.

ANSI/ISOClassificationofLimitsandFits

5.

SurfaceProperties

6.

EconomicsofTolerances/Surfaceproperties

AttentiontoDetail

Theengineeringdrawingisthespecificationforthecomponentor
assemblyandisanimportantcontractualdocumentwithmanylegal
implications,everylineandeverycommentisimportant.

PartandAssembly
Drawings
PartDrawings:

Detaildrawingscompletelydescribeasingle
partwithmultivieworthographicprojections.
Shouldprovidealltheinformationnecessary
toeconomicallymanufactureahighquality
part.
AssemblyDrawings:
Assemblydrawingsareusedtoshowthepositionand
functionalrelationshipofpartsinanassembly,alsovia
multivieworthographicprojections.
Generallytheyhavenodimensionsonthem.
Partsare'balloon'identifiedandreferencedtoeitherdetail
drawingnumbersorcatalognumbers,viaaBillof
Materials(BOM)

OrthographicViews
Preferred3views
formLshape

Rear
Top
Left

Front

Right

Top

Bottom
Rear

Left

Front

Right

Bottom
TitleBlock

TheGlassBoxConcept

 The glass box concept theorizes that an object is suspended inside a sixsided glass cube (notice the use of hidden lines on the glass box,
depicting lines that would not be visible from the given perspective).

 As the object is viewed from a specific orientation (perpendicular to one of the sides of the cube) visual
rays project from the object to the projection plane. These projectors are always parallel to each other.

 The objects image is formed on the projection plane by the

pierce points of the visual rays.

 The process is repeated to construct the right side view on the profile plane

 Similarly, the top view is

projected to the horizontal plane

 For many three-dimensional objects, two to three

orthographic views are sufficient to describe their geometry.

 The box can be unfolded to show the

multiple views in a single x-y plane

 Because the observation point is

located at infinity, the integrity of
feature size and location are
maintained, and the views are
oriented orthogonally in
relationship to each other.
TOP

FRONT

RIGHT SIDE

 Notice that the projectors or extension

lines, are perpendicular to the folding lines
of the glass box. (Fold lines and extension
lines are drawn very lightly, when used,
and are not part of the finished drawing.)

TOP

FRONT

RIGHT SIDE

DimensionalData
canthenbeadded
tothedrawing

There are 3 distinct line weights to

be aware of:
object lines are thick (approximately .
030-.040 thick),
hidden lines are a medium thickness
(.015-.020), and
extension, dimension, and center lines
are thin (.007-.010).

Begin by projecting all of the known information between

the views. Remember that points that represent end
views of lines will project to lines again in the next view.
Keep the projectors parallel and if you use labeling, be
consistent from view to view.

Heavy-up all of the object lines that depict visible object

lines, and show surfaces that would not be visible in the
specific orientation, using hidden lines.

Complete the right side view by projecting all of the

relevant lines and points using a 45 degree miter
line. Clean up the drawing.

Remove the final construction lines to see the

finished drawing

SectionViews
A

SECTION

A-A

Section views are used to clarify

internal detail and to avoid
dimensioning to hidden lines
The are established by
referencing a cutting plane
Cutting planes depict the exact
location on the part from which
the section view will be projected,
and should have associated
arrowheads, indicating the
direction from which the section
view will be observed.
Cutting planes are constructed as
an integral feature of the parent
view, and cutting plane
arrowheads always indicate the
direction for the observers line of
sight.

ProjectedSectionViews
A

SECTION

AA

ROTATED 30 CLOCKWISE

CuttingPlane
Alpha Characters A - A, B - B, C C*, etc., are used to
designate the required section view. The characters
are placed near the arrowheads and as a subtitle of the
view. There is no standard for the location of the
section designators, other than near the cutting plane
arrowheadsas the examples below illustrate.
When the alphabet has been exhausted, use double
characters AA - AA, BB - BB, CC CC*, etc.
*Section Designators should NOT include the alpha
characters I, O, or Q.
A

Cuttingplaneonreferenceview

Subtitleofactualview

SECTION

A-A

CrosshatchingSectionViews
Crosshatching, is a repeating graphic pattern which is applied
throughout all areas of the part that would be in contact with
the cutting plane. Thus, the hole is not crosshatched.
The recommended angle for the standard crosshatch pattern
is 45, 30, or 60 degrees with horizontal. Similarly, crosshatch
lines should be neither parallel nor perpendicular to the
outline of the feature in sectionif avoidable (see the
examples below).

Good Practice

Poor Practice

Poor Practice

CrossHatchStandards
Thegeneralpurposecrosshatchisusedinmost
individualdetailcomponentdrawingsandin
assemblyapplicationswherenoconfusionwill
result.
Eachoftheassembledcomponentsaredepicted
withadifferentcrosshatchangletoassistinpart
differentiation.
differentiation.
Specificcrosshatchsymbolsaresometimesused
torepresenteachdifferentmaterialtype.

CrossHatchSymbols
Cast Iron (General Use)

White Metal (Zinc)

Sand

Steel

Magnesium, Aluminum

Titanium

Felt, Leather, & Fiber

Bronze, Brass, etc.

Concrete

Marble, Slate, Glass, etc.

Water, Liquids

Wood; Cross Grain

With Grain

HalfSections
Half section views are the result of cutting planes being positioned on parts in such a manner that only half of the resulting view or projection is shown in section.

Half sections are generally used on objects of symmetry, individual cylindrical parts, or assemblies of parts.

HalfSections
Shown without section:
Difficult to dimension without using hidden lines
Internal features not as clear

OffsetSections

Offset sections allow us to provide greater breadth of detail with fewer

section views. All of the features are aligned with the cutting plane.
D

SECTION D - D

CoordinateDimensioningand
Tolerancing
Thecollectiveprocessofmodeling,defininganddescribing
geometricsizesandfeaturerelationships,andprovidingallofthe
requiredtechnicalinformationnecessarytoproduceandinspectthe
partiscalleddimensioningandtolerancing.
ThecurrentNationalStandardfordimensioningandtolerancingin
theUnitedStatesisASMEY14.5M1994.
DRAWN IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME Y14.5M - 1994
REMOVE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES
ALL FILLETS AND ROUNDS R .06 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

DrawingNotes
Notesshouldbeconciseandspecific.Theyshoulduseappropriate
technicallanguage,andbecompleteandaccurateineverydetail.
Theyshouldbeauthoredinsuchawayastohaveonlyonepossible
interpretation.

GeneralNotes
DRAWN IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME Y14.5M - 1994
REMOVE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES
ALL FILLETS AND ROUNDS R .06 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

LocalNotes

4X

8.20 M10 X 1.25

82 CSK

10

1.5 X 45 CHAM

LineTypes
ObjectLines
HiddenLines
CenterLines
PhantomLines
DimensionLines
ExtensionLines
LeaderLines
CuttingPlaneLine

thick
thin
thin
thin
thin

thick

SectionsHatching
BreakLines

thin

thick

Arrowheads
Arrowheadsareusedasterminatorsondimensionlines.Thepointsofthe
arrowheadsonleaderlinesanddimensionlinesmustmakecontactwiththe
featureobjectlineorextensionlineswhichrepresentthefeaturebeing
dimensioned.Thestandardsizeratioforallarrowheadsonmechanical
drawingsis3:1(lengthtowidth).
200

R 8.5

Ofthefourdifferentarrowheadtypesthatareauthorizedbythenational
standard,ASMEY14.2M1994,afilledarrowheadisthehighestpreference.

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

DimensionLinesandExtensionLines
Extension lines overlap dimension lines (beyond the point of the
arrowheads) by a distance of roughly 2-3mm

There should be a
visible gap (~1.5 mm)
between the object lines
and the beginning of
each extension line.

1.75

1.06

Dimensions should be placed outside the actual part outline.

Dimensions should not be placed within the part boundaries unless
greater clarity would result.

PlacementofLinearDimensions
OrderofPreference

Arrows in / dimension in

2.562

Arrows out / dimension in

1.250

.750

.500

Arrows in / dimension out

Arrows out / dimension out

When there is not enough room between the extension lines to accommodate
either the dimension value or the dimension lines they can be placed outside
the extension lines as shown in the fourth example (use Flip Arrows in ProE).

ReferenceDimensions
Reference Dimension Symbol

EXAMPLE

Reference dimensions are used

on drawings to provide support
information only.

2.250
1.000

(.750)

(X.XXX)

They are values that have been

derived from other dimensions
and therefore should not be
used for calculation, production
or inspection of parts.

.500
.500

1.250
.500
(.750)

The use of reference

dimensions on drawings
should be minimized.

LocationofDimensions
Shorter(intermediate)dimensionsareplacedclosesttotheoutlineofthepart,
followedbydimensionsofgreaterlength.Dimensionsnearesttheobjectoutline
shouldbeatleast.375inches(10mm)awayfromtheobject,andsucceeding
paralleldimensionlinesshouldbeatleast.250inches(6mm)apart.

4.375
1.438

.250 (6mm)
Minimum Spacing
1.250

1.000

.375 (10mm)
Minimum Spacing
1.875

1.062

.688

2.312

Dimensions should be placed outside the actual part outline

BasicDimensioningGoodPractice
4.375

1.438

1.250

1.000
1.875
1.062

.688

2.312

Extensionlinesshouldnotcrossdimensionlinesifavoidable
1.250

1.438

Inlinedimensionscanshare
arrowheadswithcontiguous
dimensions

1.000
1.875
1.062

.688

2.312
4.375

BETTER

DiameterDimensions
Holesandcutouts

1.375

.625 THRU

.250

.62

1.375

.250
x .62 DP

DiameterDimensions
ShaftsandHoles

Whenever it is practical to do so, external diameters are dimensioned

in rectangular (or longitudinal) views. Cylindrical holes, slotted
holes, and cutouts that are irregular in shape would normally be
dimensioned in views where their true geometric shape is shown.
.25 THRU

1.25
.75

2.00

PlacementwithPolarCoordinates
Todimensionfeaturesonaroundoraxisymmetriccomponent

18
3X
6X

.562

.188

18
3.50
.875

18

18

18

18

RadialDimensions

Toindicatethesizeoffillets,rounds,andradii

R.312
R14.25

R.750

R.312

R.562

AngularDimensions:

Toindicatethesizeofangulardetailsappearingaseitherangularor
lineardimensions.

92
92

Length of Chord

35

90
or

103

Length of Arc

2 x 45

2 x 45
or
2 x 2 CHAM
or

63
63

50
Chamfers

95

Alternate

TimesandBySymbol:X
8X

.250 THRU

.12 X 45
CHAMFER

The X symbol can also be used

to indicate the word by. For
instance, when a slot that has a
given width by a specified length,
or a chamfer that has equal
sides (.12 X .12).
When used to imply the word
by, a space must precede and
follow the X symbol.
If the same feature is repeated
on the drawing (such as 8 holes
of the same diameter and in a
specified pattern), the number of
times the instruction applies is
called out using the symbol X.

.375
CSK .562 X 82

Drilled Holes
Normallyspecifiedbydiameter
anddepth(orTHRUnoteused).

45

12.5

14THRU

25
90

12.5

Specifyreamingif
accuracy/finishis
important.

50

12

2x12THRU

32

25

90

12

ASME/ANSIHoleDepthSymbol
Depth or Deep Symbol*

Features such as blind holes

and counterbores, must have
a depth called out to fully
describe their geometry.

EXAMPLE
.625
.375
.625

OR

.375

* This symbol is currently not used in the ISO standard. It has been proposed.

ASME/ANSICountersinkSymbol
Countersink Symbol*

EXAMPLE

The symbol denotes a requirement for

countersunk holes used to recess
flathead screws. The height of the
symbol is equal to the letter height on
the drawing, and the included angle is
drawn at 90. Note that this symbol is
not used in the ISO (international)
standard.
.375
.562 X 90

* This symbol is currently not used in the ISO standard. It has been proposed.

ASME/ANSICounterboreSymbol
This symbol denotes counterbored
holes used to recess machine screw
heads.

Counterbore Symbol*

EXAMPLE
.312
.375
.562

.312
.562

.375

OR

* This symbol is currently not used in the ISO standard. It has been proposed.

Counterbores and
Countersinks ISO Standard
12.5

Socket Cap Head or

Machine screws

2x
8.8THRU
14CBOREx8.2DP

50
32

25

90

12.5

Flat Head

12

2x
8.8THRU

15CSK

50
32

25

90

12

ScrewThreads
ISOspecifymetriconly:

ISOmetric
designation

M16x2
M16x24h5H
Nominal
Diameter
(mm)

AmericanUnifiedThreads:

Nominal
Diameter
(inches)

Thread
Pitch(mm)

Classoffit
ofmatingthread(optional)
Classoffit
ofthisthread
(optional)

3/410UNC

3/410UNC2A
Threads
perinch

ThreadSeries
UNC=UnifiedCoarse
UNF=UnifiedFine

ThreadType(optional)
A=External
B=Internal
Classoffit(optional)

Note:Usestandardscrewsizesonly

Threads and Screw Fastening

Always a 'Clearance Hole' (typically screw major Dia. + 10%)
in at least one component in a screw fastened joint.

Example
Assembly

Base

'A'

'A'

3 - M12
Hex. Screws
Lid

Section 'A'-'A'

Threads and Screw Fastening (cont.)

Base
Detail

'A'

'A'

3 Holes
10.3x 25 DP
M12x1.75 x 15 DP MIN
EQ SP on 120 PD

Section 'A'-'A'

Threads and Screw Fastening (cont.)

Lid
Detail

'A'

'A'

3Holes
12.7THRU
EQSPon120PD

Section 'A'-'A'

Tolerances

importanttointerchangeabilityandprovisionforreplacementparts
Itisimpossibletomakepartstoanexactsize.Thetolerance,oraccuracy
required,willdependonthefunctionofthepartandtheparticularfeaturebeing
dimensioned.Therefore,therangeofpermissiblesize,ortolerance,mustbe
specifiedforalldimensionsonadrawing,bythedesigner/draftsperson.
NominalSize:isthesizeusedforgeneralidentification,nottheexactsize.
ActualSize:isthemeasureddimension.Ashaftofnominaldiameter10mmmay
bemeasuredtobeanactualsizeof9.975mm.
GeneralTolerances:
InISOmetric,generaltolerancesarespecifiedinanote,usuallyinthetitleblock,
typicallyoftheform:"Generaltolerances.25unlessotherwisestated".
InEnglishUnits,thedecimalplaceindicatesthegeneraltolerancegiveninthe
titleblocknotes,typically:
Fractions=1/16,.X=.03,.XX=.01,.XXX=.005,.XXXX=0.0005,
Note:FractionsandthistypeofgeneraltolerancingisnotpermissibleinISO
metricstandards.

SpecificTolerances
SpecificTolerancesindicateaspecialsituationthatcannotbecoveredbythe
generaltolerance.
Specifictolerancesareplacedonthedrawingwiththedimensionandhave
traditionallybeenexpressedinanumberofways:
+0.05
40 0.03
BilateralTolerance

40.01 +0.04

UnilateralTolerance

40.05
39.97
LimitDimensions

Limitsarethemaximumandminimumsizespermittedbythethe
tolerance.Alloftheabovemethodsshowthatthedimensionhas:
aLowerLimit=39.97mm
anUpperLimit=40.05mm
aTolerance=0.08mm
Manufacturingmustensurethatthedimensionsarekeptwithinthelimits
specified.Designmustnotoverspecifyastoleranceshaveanexponential
affectoncost.

LimitsandFits
1.ClearanceFits
Thelargestpermittedshaftdiameterissmallerthan
thediameterofthesmallesthole
Max.
Clearance

Max. Min.
Hole Hole

Max. Min.
Shaft Shaft

Min.
Clearance

SHAFT
HOLE

Max.
Interference

2.InterferenceFits
Theminimum
permitteddiameter
oftheshaftislarger
thanthemaximum
diameterofthehole
3.TransitionFits
Thediameterofthe
largestallowable
holeisgreaterthan
thatofthesmallest
shaft,butthe
smallestholeis
smallerthanthe
largestshaft

Max. Min.
Hole Hole

Max.
Shaft

Min.
Shaft

Min.
Interference

SHAFT
HOLE

Interference
or clearance

Max. Min.
Hole Hole

Max.
Shaft

HOLE

Min.
Shaft
SHAFT

StandardLimitsandFitsANSI
ExtractfromTableofClearanceFits

0.24 - 0.40
0.40 - 0.71
0.71 - 1.19
1.19 - 1.97
1.97 - 3.15

- 0.1
- 0.25
- 0.15
- 0.3
- 0.2
- 0.35
- 0.25
- 0.45
- 0.3
- 0.55

0.1 + 0.25
0.55
-0
0.15 + 0.3
0.65
-0
0.2 + 0.4
0.85
-0
0.25 + 0.4
0.95
-0
0.3 + 0.5
1.2
-0

Shaft
g5
- 0.1
- 0.3
- 0.15
- 0.35
- 0.2
- 0.45
- 0.25
- 0.55
- 0.3
- 0.7

Limits of
Clearance

+ 0.2
-0
+ 0.2
-0
+ 0.25
-0
+ 0.3
-0
+ 0.4
-0

Hole
H6

Hole
H7
0.3 + 0.4
0.95
-0
0.4 + 0.5
1.12
-0
0.5 + 0.6
1.5
-0
0.6 + 0.7
1.7
-0
0.8 + 0.8
2.1
-0

Shaft
f6
- 0.3
- 0.55
- 0.4
- 0.7
- 0.5
- 0.9
- 0.6
- 1.0
- 0.8
- 1.3

Standard
Limits
Hole
H8

Shaft
f7

0.3
1.3
0.4
1.6
0.5
2.0
0.6
2.3
0.8
2.8

+ 0.6
-0
+ 0.7
-0
+ 0.9
-0
+ 1.0
-0
+ 1.2
-0

- 0.3
- 0.7
- 0.4
- 0.9
- 0.5
- 1.1
- 0.6
- 1.3
- 0.8
- 1.6

Standard
Limits
Hole
H8

Shaft
e7

Limits of
Clearance

0.12 - 0.24

0.1
0.45
0.15
0.5
0.2
0.6
0.25
0.75
0.3
0.95

Shaft
g4

Standard
Limits

Limits of
Clearance

- 0.12

Hole
H5

Standard
Limits

Limits of
Clearance

Standard
Limits

Limits of
Clearance

Nominal
Size Range
in
Inches

Limits of
Clearance

RC 1 Close sliding fits are intended for the accurate location of parts which must assemble without perceptible play.
RC 2 Sliding fits are intended for accurate location, but with greater maximum clearance than class RC 1. Parts made
to
this fit move and turn easily but are not intended to run freely, and in the larger sizes may seize with small
temperature changes.
RC 3 Precision running fits are about the closest fits which can be expected to run freely, and are intended for precision
work at slow speeds and light journal pressures, but are not suitable where appreciable temperature differences
are likely to be encountered.
RC 4 Close running fits are intended chiefly for running fits on accurate machinery with moderate surface speeds and
journal pressures, where accurate location and minimum play are desired.
Medium running fits are intended for higher running speeds, or heavy journal pressures, or both.
RC 5
RC 6
Basic hole system. Limits are in thousandths of an inch.
Class RC 5
Class RC 1
Class RC 2
Class RC 4
Class RC 6
Class RC 3

0.6
1.6
0.8
2.0
1.0
2.5
1.2
2.9
1.6
3.6

+ 0.6
-0
+ 0.7
-0
+ 0.9
-0
+ 1.0
-0
+ 1.2
-0

- 0.6
- 1.0
- 0.8
- 1.3
- 1.0
- 1.6
- 1.2
- 1.9
- 1.6
- 2.4

0.6
2.2
0.8
2.7
1.0
3.3
1.2
3.8
1.6
4.8

Standard
Limits
Hole
H9
+ 1.0
-0
+ 1.2
-0
+ 1.4
-0
+ 1.6
-0
+ 2.0
-0

Shaft
e8
- 0.6
- 1.2
- 0.8
- 1.5
- 1.0
- 1.9
- 1.2
- 2.2
- 1.6
- 2.8

ISOToleranceDesignation

TheISOsystemprovidesfor:
21typesofholes(standardtolerances)designatedby
uppercaselettersA,B,C,D,E....etc.and
21typesofshaftsdesignatedbythelowercaselettersa,b,
c,d,e...etc.
Theselettersdefinethepositionofthetolerancezone
relativetothenominalsize.Toeachofthesetypesofhole
orshaftareapplied16gradesoftolerance,designatedby
numbersIT1toIT16the"FundamentalTolerances":
ITn=(0.45x3D+0.001D)Pn
whereDisthemeanoftherangeofdiametersandPnis
theprogression:1,1.6,2.5,4.0,6.0,10,16,25......etc.which
makeseachtolerancegradeapproximately60%ofits
predecessor.

ForExample:
Experiencehasshownthatthedimensionalaccuracyof
manufacturedpartsisapproximatelyproportionaltothe
cuberootofthesizeofthepart.
Example:
Aholeisspecifiedas:30H7
+x
TheHclassofholeshaslimitsof.i.e.alltolerances
+0
startatthenominalsizeandgopositivebytheamount
designatedbytheITnumber.

IT7fordiametersranging3050mm:
ToleranceforIT7=(0.45x340+0.001x40)16=0.025mm
+0.025
Writtenonadrawingas30H7 +0

Graphical illustration of ISO standard fits

Hole Series H hole Standard

SelectionofFitsandthe
ISOHoleBasissystem

Fromtheaboveitwillberealizedthatthereareaverylargenumberof
combinationsofholedeviationandtolerancewithshaftdeviationand
tolerance.However,agivenmanufacturingorganizationwillrequireanumber
ofdifferenttypesoffitrangingfromtightdrivefitstolightrunningfitsfor
bearingsetc.Suchaseriesoffitsmaybeobtainedusingoneoftwostandard
systems:

TheShaftBasisSystem:

Foragivennominalsizeaseriesoffitsisarrangedforagivennominalsize
usingastandardshaftandvaryingthelimitsonthehole.

TheHoleBasisSystem:

Foragivennominalsize,thelimitsontheholearekeptconstant,andaseries
offitsareobtainedbyonlyvaryingthelimitsontheshaft.
TheHOLESYSTEMiscommonlyusedbecauseholesaremoredifficultto
producetoagivensizeandaremoredifficulttoinspect.TheHseries(lower
limitatnominal,0.00)istypicallyusedandstandardtooling(e.g.H7reamers)
andgaugesarecommonforthisstandard.

ISOStandard"HoleBasis"

ClearanceFits Hole Shaft

TypeofFit
LooseRunningFits.Suitableforloosepulleys
andthelooserfastenerfitswherefreedomof
assemblyisofprimeimportance
FreeRunningFit.Whereaccuracyisnot
essential,butgoodforlargetemperature
variation,highrunningspeeds,heavyjournal
pressures
CloseRunningFit.Suitableforlubricated
bearing,greateraccuracy,accuratelocation,
wherenosubstantialtemperaturedifferenceis
encountered.
SlidingFits.Suitableforprecisionlocationfits.
Shaftsareexpensivetomanufacturesincethe
clearancesaresmallandtheyarenot
recommendedforrunningfitsexceptin
precisionequipmentwheretheshaftloadings
areverylight.
LocationalClearanceFits.Providessnugfit
forlocatingstationaryparts;butcanbefreely
assembledanddisassembled.

H11

c11

H9

d10

H8

f7

H7

g6

H7

h6

ISOStandard"HoleBasis

TransitionFits

TypeofFit

Hole Shaft

LocationalTransitionFits.foraccurate
H7
location,acompromisebetweenclearanceand
interference
PushFits.Transitionfitsaveraginglittleorno
H7
clearanceandarerecommendedforlocationfits
whereaslightinterferancecanbetoleratedfor
thepurpose,forexample,ofeliminatingvibration.

k6
n6

ISOStandard"HoleBasis"

InterferenceFits
TypeofFit

PressFit.Suitableasthestandardpressfitinto
ferrous,i.e.steel,castironetc.,assemblies.
DriveFit Suitableaspressfitsin

materialoflowmodulusofelasticitysuchas
lightalloys.

Hole Shaft
H7

p6

H7

s6

NominalSizes
Over
mm

To
mm

10

10

18

18

30

30

40

40

50

50

65

65

80

80

100

100

120

120

140

140

160

160

180

180

200

200

225

225

250

250

280

280

315

315

355

355

400

400

450

450

500

Tolerance

ISOClearanceFits
Tolerance

Tolerance

Tolerance

Tolerance

Tolerance

H11
0.001mm

c11
0.001mm

H9
0.001mm

d10
0.001mm

H9
0.001mm

e9
0.001mm

H8
0.001mm

f7
0.001mm

H7
0.001mm

g6
0.001mm

H7
0.001mm

h6
0.001mm

+60
0
+75
0
+90
0
+110
0
+130
0
+160
0
+160
0
+190
0
+190
0
+220
0
+220
0
+250
0
+250
0
+250
0
+290
0
+290
0
+290
0
+320
0
+320
0
+360
0
+360
0
+400
0
+400
0

60
120
70
145
80
170
95
205
110
240
120
280
130
290
130
330
150
340
170
390
180
400
200
450
210
460
230
480
240
530
260
550
280
570
300
620
330
650
360
720
400
760
440
840
480
850

+25
0
+30
0
+36
0
+43
0
+52
0

20
0
30
78
40
98
50
120
65
149

+25
0
+30
0
+36
0
+43
0
+52
0

14
39
20
50
25
61
32
75
40
92

+14
0
+18
0
+22
0
+27
0
+33
0

6
16
10
22
13
28
16
34
20
41

+10

+12
0
+15
0
+18
0
+21
0

2
8
4
12
5
14
6
17
7
20

+10
0
+12
0
+15
0
+18
0
+21
0

6
0
8
0
9
0
11
0
13
0

+62
0

80
180

+62
0

50
112

+39
0

25
50

+25
0

9
25

+25
0

16
0

+74
0

100
220

+76
0

60
134

+46
0

30
60

+30
0

12
34

+30
0

19
0

+87
0

120
260

+87
0

72
159

+54
0

36
71

+35
0

12
34

+35
0

22
0

+100
0

145
305

+100
0

84
185

+63
0

43
83

+40
0

14
39

+40
0

25
0

+115
0

170
355

+115
0

100
215

72
0

50
96

+46
0

15
44

+46
0

29
0

+130
0

190
400

+130
0

190
400

+130
0

110
240

+81
0

96
108

+52
0

17
49

+140
0

210
440

+140
0

135
265

+89
0

62
119

+57
0

18
54

+57
0

36
0

+155
0

230
480

+155
0

135
290

+97
0

68
131

+63
0

20
60

+63
0

40
0

NominalSizes
Over
mm

ISO
Transition
Fits

Tolerance

To
mm

H7
0.001mm

k6
0.001mm

H7
0.001mm

n6
0.001mm

+10
0
+12
0
+15
0
+18
0
+21
0

+6
+0
+9
+1
+10
+1
+12
+1
+15
+2

+10
0
+12
0
+15
0
+18
0
+21
0

+10
+4
+16
+8
+19
+10
+23
+12
+23
+15

+25
0

+18
+2

25
0

+33
+17

+30
0

+21
+2

+30
0

+39
+20

+35
0

+25
+3

+35
0

+45
+23

+40
0

+28
+3

+40
0

+52
+27

+46
0

+33
+4

+46
0

+60
+34

+52
0

32

+52
0

+36
+4

+57
0

+40
+4

+57
0

+73
+37

+63
0

+45
+5

+63
0

+80
+40

10

10

18

18

30

30

40

40

50

50

65

65

80

80

100

100

120

120
140

140
160

160

180

180
200

200
225

225

250

250

280

280

315

315

355

355

400

400

450

450

500

NominalSizes

ISO
Interference
Fits

Over
mm

To
mm

10

10

18

18

30

30

40

40

50

50

65

65

80

80

100

100

120

120

140

140

160

160

180

180

200

200

225

225

250

250

280

280

315

315

355

355

400

400

450

450

500

Tolerance

Tolerance

H7
0.001mm

p6
0.001mm

H7
0.001mm

s6
0.001mm

+10
0
+12
0
+15
0
+18
0
+21
0

+12
+6
+20
+12
+24
+15
+29
+18
+35
+22

+10
0
+12
0
+15
0
+18
0
+21
0

+20
+14
+27
+19
+32
+23
+39
+28
+48
+35

+25
0

+42
+26

+25
0

+59
+43

+30
0

+51
+32

+35
0

+59
+37

+40
0

+68
+43

+46
0

+79
+50

+52
0

+88
+56

+57
0

+98
+62

+63
0

+108
+68

+30
0
+30
0
+35
0
+35
0
+40
0
+40
0
+40
0
+46
0
+46
0
+46
0
+52
0
+52
0
+57
0
+57
0
+63
0
+63
0

+72
+53
+78
+59
+93
+78
+101
+79
+117
+92
+125
+100
+133
+108
+151
+122
+159
+130
+169
+140
+198
+158
+202
+170
+226
+190
+244
+208
+272
+232
+292
+252

Flanged
Sintered Bronze
Plain Bearing

http://www.McMasterCarr.com

On-line Interactive Catalogs

http://www.skf.com/portal/skf/home/products?maincatalogue=1&lang=en&newlink=1

ToleranceCalculation'WorstCaseMethod'
forcorrectfitinallcases,ifmanufacturedtospecification

Allowance
Theminimumallowabledifferencebetweenmating
parts:

Allowance=SmallestHoleSizeLargestShaftSize

Clearance
Themaximumallowabledifferencebetweenmating
parts:

Clearance=LargestHoleSizeSmallestShaftSize

The'ToleranceBuildupProblem'
Wherethecombineddimensionofseveralmating
partsresultsinanunacceptablecondition:generally
nonfunctional(e.g.rotatingorslidingaction
impaired),orpartswillnotassemble,oraesthetically
unacceptable(e.g.inconsistentgapsaroundcardoors)

'Shaft in hole'
Terminology
Hole

Shaft

ShaftinHoleExample

WorstCaseTolerancing
B

1.Allowance=SmallestHoleSize(A)LargestShaftSize(B)
2.Clearance=LargestHoleSize(A)SmallestShaftSize(B)
A

Ifdimensionwithtoleranceis10
LidonBoxExample

+0.125
0.125

Largestfeaturesize=10.125
Smallestfeaturesize=9.875

ToleranceCalculationTensionerAssy.Example
76+.25
+.16A +.15
B76+0

AxialClearance
AxialClearanceby
bydesignmustbe
Designmustbe
.25but>0.01
=>0.01but=<0.25
<0.25

WorstCaseTolerancing:
1.Allowance=SmallestHoleSize(76.16)LargestShaftSize(76.15)=0.01
2.Clearance=LargestHoleSize(76.25)SmallestShaftSize(76.00)=0.25

Surface Properties Texture and Hardness

Surface Finish
BasicSurfaceTextureSymbol

0.4

MaterialRemovalbyMachining

WithRoughnessValue
(TypicallyRamor)
WithMachiningAllowance

Hardness
Harden=HDNmayseesymbol
HeatTreat=H/T
Rockwell=HRC,HRAetcorRaorRc
Brinell=BNL
0.4

HDN to 65 HRC 0.125 DP

Comparative Roughness Values

Roughness Ra

Typical Processes

25 m (1000 )

Flame Cutting

12.5 m (500)

Sawing, sand casting,

6.3 m (250)

forging, shaping, planing

3.2 m (125)

Rough machining, milling, rough turning, drilling,

and die casting

1.6 m (63)

Machining, turning, milling, die and investment

casting, injection molding, and stamping

0.8 m (32)

Grinding, fine turning & milling, reaming, honing,

injection molding, stamping, investment casting

0.4 m (16)

Diamond Turning, Grinding, lapping, honing

0.2 m (8)

Lapping, honing, polishing

0.1 m (4)

Superfinishing, polishing, lapping

Some Common Steel, Hardness and

Surface Finish Specs.
Common Steel Specs: (10xx series: xx = % carbon)
Mild steel (low carbon = up to 30 %): Low cost general purpose
applications, typ. hardening not required

Common
Types
1020
1040,

Medium Carbon (up to 60%): requiring higher strength; e.g. gears, 1060
axles, con-rods etc.
High Carbon (> 60%): High wear, high strength; e.g. cutting tools,
springs etc.
Ground Bearing Shaft Examples:
General Purpose
1060: Surface HDN to 55 HRC 0.125 mm deep min.; 0.4 m (16 )
303 Stainless: (natural surface hardness 5 HRC ); 0.4m (16 )
Better Finish, Longer Life
1020: Case HDN to 65 HRC 0.25 mm deep min.; 0.2m (8 )
440 Stainless: (natural circa 15 HRC); 0.2m (8 )

1080

SpecifyingWeldsonDrawings
WeldallAround

Weldonotherside

3050

Pitch

Length
Weldonarrowside
Widthofweld
20
6

= Weld6mmfillet
weldthissideonly

= Weld6mmfillet
weldbothsides

6 2010

10

20