Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Macroeconomics
Production
Prices
Income
Production/Output
in Individual
Industries and
Businesses
Price of Individual
Goods and Services
Distribution of
Employment by
Income and Wealth Individual
Businesses &
Wages in the auto
Industries
industry
Jobs in the steel
Minimum wages
industry
Executive salaries
Number of
Poverty
employees in a
firm
Price of medical
care
Price of gasoline
Food prices
Apartment rents
National
Production/Output
Aggregate Price
Level
Total Industrial
Output
Gross Domestic
Product
Growth of Output
Consumer prices
Producer Prices
Rate of Inflation
Employment
National Income
Total wages and
salaries
Employment and
Unemployment in
the Economy
Total corporate
profits
Total number of
jobs
Unemployment
rate
Quantity Demanded
QUANTITY
DEMANDED
(CALLS PER
MONTH)
30
25
7
3
1
0
produksi
dan
factor-
Fungsi produksi
Fungsi Produksi:
Hubungan teknis antara jumlah input dan output
pada penggunaan tingkat teknologi tertentu.
The Behavior of
Profit-Maximizing Firms
The three decisions that all firms
must make include:
1.
2.
3.
How much
output to
supply
Which
production
technology to
use
How much of
each input to
demand
CLARENCE BROWN'S
SUPPLY SCHEDULE
FOR SOYBEANS
PRICE
(PER
BUSHEL)
$
2
1.75
2.25
3.00
4.00
5.00
QUANTITY
SUPPLIED
(THOUSANDS
OF BUSHELS
PER YEAR)
0
10
20
30
45
45
10
20
30
40
50
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Determinants of Supply
The price of the good or service.
The cost of producing the good, which in
turn depends on:
The price of required inputs (labor,
TC TFC TVC
Marginal Cost
Marginal cost (MC) is the increase
in total cost that results from
producing one more unit of output.
Marginal cost reflects changes in
variable costs.
TC
TFC
TVC
M C
Q
Q
Q
2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing
TR P q
Marginal revenue (MR) is the additional revenue
that a firm takes in when it increases output by
one additional unit.
In perfect competition, P = MR.
TR
P (q )
M R
P
q
q
2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing
Pembuktian matematis
Maksimisasi Keuntungan
Dalam masalah optimisasi ada fungsi obyektif yang harus dibuat. Misal
perusahaan ingin mendapat keuntungan maksimum yaitu maksimalisasi
perbedaan antara penerimaan dengan biaya. TR dan TC masing-masing
merupakan fungsi dari variabel yang sama yaitu Q.
Laba () = TR - TC , karena TR = f(Q) dan TC = f(Q) maka
p = f (Q). Optimum dicapai apabila turunan pertama sama dengan nol.
= TR - TC maka
= 0 maka
MR - MC = 0
jadi
MR
2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing
= MC
Principles of Economics, 6/e
Efficiency
27
Karl Case, Ray Fair
w
fv/klR
T
S
(lfork)
28
2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing