Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Supervisors :
Contents
Contents-2
Supercritical water
Experimental Results
3
Increase in
Population
60%
Energy demand
63160%
Source:
CIA's The World Factbook
World POPClock Projection, U.S. Census Bureau
Energy Sources, 26:1119-1129,2004
Other concerns
Pollution , Resource depletion, Climate Change
Energy Sources
* Fossil energy sources like petroleum,
natural gas and coal which have limited reserves .
* The first energy crisis emerged in 1973 was
seriously showed that these nonrenewable
energy sources will not meet the energy demand
of the world.
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Energy Sources-2
Renewable Energy
Specific name
Feedstock
Conversion Technologies
Pure plant oil (PPO), Oil crops (e.g. rapeseed, oil Cold pressing extraction
Straight vegetable oil palm, soy, canola, jatropha,
castor, )
(SVO)
Biodiesel
Bioethanol
Biogas
Bio-ETBE
Upgraded biogas
Biomass (wet)
Anaerobic digestion
Bioethanol
Chemical Synthesis
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Extraction
of chemicals
Proteins
Vitamins
Fragrances
Pharmaceuticals
Biodiesel
production
Sugar
fermentation
Thermochemical
conversion
Glycerol
Ethanol
Lactic acid
Bio-SNG
Chemicals
Chemicals
Chemicals
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Ionic reactions and pyrolysis of glycerol as competing reaction pathways in nearand supercritical water, W. Bu hler, E. Dinjus, H.J. Ederer *, A. Kruse *, C.
Mas, Institut fur Technische Chemie CPV, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, PO Box 3640, 76021
Karlsruhe, Germany, Received 9 February 2001; received in revised form 20 July 2001;
accepted 23 August 2001
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Biodiesel
Comparison of technologies
Economic versus environmental aspects
Source: IEE Leipzig, 2007
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Biodiesel Production
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TRANSESTERIFICATION
METHANOL + KOH
WASTE
OIL
CRUDE
BIODIESEL
BIODIESEL
OIL CROPS
ALGAE
Oil
pressing
PRESS
CAKE
VIRGIN
OIL
Washing
CRUDE
GLYCEROL
WASHWATER
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Glycerol Potential
Glycerol ;
is a polyalcohol ,
clear, colorless liquid
hygroscopic
odorless
used in food and cosmetics
synthesized chemically from
epichlorohydrin, derived from
propylene or biochemically by
microbial fermentation
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Glycerol Potential
600 000 tones in Europe in 2006
Molecular
formula
Molar mass
glycerol market price has
Density
decreased tofrom $ 1/L to $ 0.7/L by
2010
C3H5(OH)3
92.09382 g/mol
1.261 g/cm
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Complete conversion
Clean product gas
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Materials
Feedstock:
wt %
Methanol
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Sodium Hydroxide
1.00
Stearic Acid
0.125
50
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Preparation of Co Impregnated
Activated Carbons
The hazelnut, walnut or another
raw material is mixed with ZnCl2
and waited 24 h.
It is placed into a special furnace
with a retort. Retort is heated up
to 750 oC step by step. After it is
cooled down, it is waited in a
%10 HCl solution, and washed
with pure water.
These preparation is done by our
research group
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Compounds
Equipment
hydrocarbons
FID-TCD detectors
Aldehydes
Aqueous
TOC
Colorimeter
GC-MS
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Gas Chromatography
HP Molesieve
(30 m long x 0.53 mm inside diameter x 50
Column
mm film thickness)
HP Plot Q
(30 m long x 0.53 mm inside diameter x 40
mm film thickness)
Stationary Phase
Impregnated silica
Mobile Phase
Argon
Detectors
Detector Temperature
Injection Temperature
Temperature
Program
C2H6
C2H4
C3H6
C3 H 8
CH4
C4s
TCD: 250 C
100 C
45 C isothermal 2 min.
40 C/min 60 C isothermal 14 min.
10 C/min 250 C isothermal 10.5 min.
H2
CO2
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Column
Mobile Phase
A: Water
B: Methanol
Flowrate
1 mL/min
Detector
UV
Wavelength
365 nm
High Performance
Liquid Chromatography
Column
Temperature
30 C
Detector
Temperature
40 C
Injection Volume
20 L
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Colorimeter
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Column
GC-MS
(Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectroscopy)
Stationary
Phase
HP-FFAP (19091F-105)
50 m x 200 m x 0.3 m
Polyethylene Glycol TP
Mobile Phase
Helium
Detectors
Detector
Temperature
205 C
Mode: Splitless
Heater: 260 C
Pressure: 26.874 psi
Front Injector
Column
Oven
Temperature
Program
80 C isothermal 1 min.
20 C/min to 120 C isothermal for 5 min.
6.13 C/min to 205 C isothermal for 40 min.
Run Time: 61.866 min
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Experimental
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PRODUCT YILEDS OF
PURE AND CRUDE GLYCEROL BY
THE CATALYSTS
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CONCLUSION
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