NERVOUS

SYSTEM

Nur Nabilah binti Abdullah

Nur Izyan Shahirah binti Mohd Bakri

NERVOUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Function of nervous
system:

Receives information
Interprets the
information

Makes the body

respond
to the information

Nervous Tissue

NEURONS

Most neurons have 3 parts :

a) cell body

(soma)
b) dendrites
c) axons

Dendrites

Receive information from other neuron

and conduct toward soma.

Cell Body

Nerve impulses from dendrites converge on cell body

Cell body integrates the signal and coordinate metabolic activitie

Axons

Conduct the nerve impulses away from cell

body.
2 types: a) unmyelinated axons
b) myelinated axons

MYELINATED AXONS

Myelin speeds up the transmission of action potentials

along the axon.
Unmyelinated gaps known as nodes of ranvier

Structural classification of n
eurons

Functional Classification Of Ne
uron

Classified according to the direction which nerve

impulse (action potential) is conveyed with respect to
the CNS.

3 types which are : a) sensory neuron (afferent

neuron)
b) interneurons (association

neuron)
c) motor neuron (efferent
neuron)

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Neuroglia Cell

Function: For support, regulation & protection of

neurons.
CNS

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

PNS
Schwann cells
(neurolemmocytes)

Satellite cells

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Neuroglia Cell

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Produce and maintain the myelin sheath around axons of C

NS neurons.

Myelinated axons transmit impulses faster than unmyelinat

ed axons.
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Astrocytes

Create supportive framework for neurons

Create blood-brain barrier

Monitor & regulate interstitial fluid surrounding neur

ons
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Microglia

Small (micro)

Protect CNS cells from disease by engulfing invadi

ng microbes

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Ependymal
Cell

Line ventricles of brain & central canal of spinal cor

d

Produces, monitors & helps circulate CSF (cerebros

pinal fluid).

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Schwann
Cell

Same function with oligodendrocytes (CNS)

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Satellite cell

Is the cushion for n

euron.

This cell supports c

ell bodies of neuron
s within ganglia of t
he PNS.

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Action Potential

Synapse

Is a structure that permits a neuron to pass an elect

rical signal to another neuron.

DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS

SYSTEM
1.

Central Nervous System (CN

S)

2.

Peripheral Nervous System (P

NS)

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Central Nervous System

Consists of:
Brain
Spinal cord

Interpret information
received, sent to PNS

Brain

Brain

Receives messages from and sends messages to all organs an

d tissues of the body.

The brain is protected by the skull and meninges.

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3 Main Parts of Brain

1.

Cerebrum

2.

Cerebellum

3.

Brainstem

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Cerebrum

Largest part

Responsible for thoug

ht, memory, sensation
, intelligence.

Cerebellum

It maintains body po
sture and balance.

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Brain Stem

Acts as a pathway for messages traveling between so

me parts of the brain and spinal cord.

3 main parts
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

Medulla Oblongata

Control involuntary acti

vities

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Pons

Serves as a pathway

Connect various parts of

brain with each other

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Midbrain

Control eye movement

Coordinates head mov

ement with sight and s
ound

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Meninges

Outer layer - Dura mater

Middle layer -Arachnoid mater

Inner layer - Pia mater

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Spinal Cord

Components of the Spinal Cord

Grey matter (at the center)
White matter (surround the grey)

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Grey matter

Contains cell bodies a

nd dendrites that cove
red with synapses.

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White matter

Contains bundles of ax
ons that are covered b
y a myelin sheath.

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 The spinal cord is surrounded by me

mbranes called meninges.

3 meninges:

dura mater (outer)

arachnoid mater
(middle)

pia mater (inner)

Peripheral Nervous System

Consists of nerve branch out from brain and spinal

cord.

Connects CNS with all body parts through nerves.

Can be divided into

Somatic nervous system (SNS)
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Consists of
12 pairs ofcranial nerves
31 pairs ofspinal nerves.

Primary role : connect CNS to organs, m

uscles and skin

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Cranial Nerves

Nerve that branch out from brain.

The first 2 pairs emerged from cerebrum, the rest is

from the brainstem.

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Spinal Nerves

Nerves branch out from spinal cord.

Nerves carry information from the spinal cord to the re

st of the body, and from the body back up to the brain.

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Divided based on vertebral loc

ations
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

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Differences between somatic and aut

onomic nervous system
Somatic Nervous System

Autonamic Nervous System

Involved in conscious activity

Control unconscious activity

Controls skeletal muscles and

external sensory organs

Controls involuntary muscles such

as smooth and cardiac muscles

Cannot be divided further

Can be divided into 2 branches

which are sympathetic and
parasympathetic

Mediates bodily movement

Mediates control of internal

environment

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Differences between sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisions
Sympathetic Division
Control bodys response during
perceived threat
Speed up or slow down body
process
Activates the fight or flight
responses

Parasympathetic Division
Control bodys response while at
rest
Opposite effect of sympathetic
division
Activates the rest and digest or
feed or breed

Control activity that increase

energy expenditure

Control activities that conserve

energy expenditure

Require quick responses

Do not require immediate

responses
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Disease related to Nervous S

ystem

1.

Parkinsons Disease
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Substantia
nigra

Produce dopamine as neurotransmitter.

Dopamine is responsible for relay message and con

trol body movement.

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Drugs

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2. Alzheimers disease

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 Plaques and tangles of neurons are the PRIME SUSPECTS!

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Treatment

No treatment that can cure this disease.

Drugs can only slow down the progression from becoming w

orse.

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INTERESTING FACTS!

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1. Food for Calming NS

Whey
Rich in L-glutamine
Increase the production of serotonin, a neurotransmitter.
Glutamine will increase the levels of serotonin from becomin

g anxiety, depression and other mental health problems.

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Banana
Aid in the production of serotonin and melatoni

n.
These chemicals will regulate mood and sleeping

patterns.
Promote muscle relaxation and stress relief.

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Dark chocolate
Contains L-tryptophan.
Responsible for relaxing the brain.
Besides, it also contains anandamide (neurotransmitter) th

at has ability to alter dopamine levels in brain and promote

sense of peace and relaxation.

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2. Lie Detector

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VIDEO

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Used autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous

system)

When the sympathetic division activate, it will increase

heart beat, increase blood pressure and etc

In general, a significant change such as faster heart b

eat, increase blood pressure, increase perspiration indi
cate that the person is lying.

If, the person is telling the truth, the graph remain cal
m.

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THE END

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Questions?

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