The Cell

Cycle

Eucaryotic Cell Cycle

Cell -Cycle Control System

the organization and control of the cell
cycle is
essentially the same in all eucaryotic cells

G0 Phase

Cell Cycle Clock

The cell cycle clock uses a group of
protein
kinases to execute the various
steps of cell cycle progression.
The kinases used by the cell cycle
machinery are called collectively cyclindependent kinases (CDKs).

 Cyclin levels oscillate during the cell

cycle with
cyclin mRNA and
protein expression peaking at the time of
maximum kinase activation.
Cyclin degradation is triggered by
ubiquitin ligases which leads to proteolytic
breakdown in the proteosomes.

Activation of Cyclin-CDK complex

DKs Activity Regulated by Cyclin Degradation

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

 regulation of the cell cycle also involves inhibitors

of the cyclin-CDK complexes

S-Cdk Triggers DNA Synthesis

DNA Damage Checkpoints

checkpoints in G1 and S phase prevent cells with
DNA damage from starting or completing replication
DNA damage increases p53 which increases the
transcription of p21
if the DNA damage is not repaired p53 may trigger
apoptosis

M-Cdk Controls Entry into Mitosis

Mitosis
prior to mitosis the chromosomes replicate
and the sister chromatids are held together
by cohesion rings
condensins help to coil the mitotic chromatids

The cytoskeleton plays a central role in mitosis

and cytokinesis
mitotic spindle
o microtubules
o microtubule-associated motor proteins
contractile ring
o actin
o myosin

Mitotic Spindle

the centrosome is the microtuble-organizing center and

duplicates prior to the M phase
at the beginning of mitosis the two centrosomes separa
and the asters form
the mitotic spindle begins to form in prophase
dynamic instability
spindle poles and interpolar
microtubules

the disassembly of the nuclear envelop occurs in prometaph

spindle microtubles attach to the chromosomes through
the kinetochores
the number of microtublules attached to each kinetochore va
among species humans 20-40

Metaphase is marked by the formation

of the metaphase plate

Anaphase begins with the release of

the cohesion linkage by separase
securin inactivates separase and is
removed by anaphase-promoting comple

 at telophase the mitotic spindle disassembles and the

nuclear envelope reassembles
in animal cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of
the cleavage furrow

 cytokinesis in plant cells is guided by the phragmoplast

Necrosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosome

Anti-apoptotic Signal s
Bcl 2
Bcl XL
A1
Pro-apoptotic Signals
Bax
Bak
Bid

 Mitogens stimulate cell division

 Growth Factors stimulate cells to

grow