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LIGHT

Where does light come


from?

Where else does light come


from?

How does light travel?


light
source

Light rays travel in straight lines from the light source.


When it hits an opaque object, some light is absorbed and
the rest reflects off.
If the object is transparent, light rays pass through it
easily.
If the object is translucent, some light can pass through,
but the rest of the light will be reflected.

How do we see?
Light coming from, (or reflecting off)

objects enters the eye through the cornea


then the pupil.

It is focused clearly by the lens on to the


retina.

The light sensitive cells of the retina gather

information about patterns of light and dark,


colour and movement and send it through the
optic nerve.

How do we see?
Information entering the brain through the
optic nerve, is then transmitted through
more nerve pathways to the visual cortex.

Here the patterns of light and dark, colour


and movement are interpreted.

The brain, based on past experience, can


then understand what it sees.

How do we see colour?


light
source

Light from most light


sources looks white, but
actually contains all the
colours of the spectrum;
also known as the
rainbow.
If an object looks blue, it
is absorbing every colour
except blue, which is
reflecting off it and
entering your eyes.
If an object looks orange,
it is absorbing every colour
except orange, which,
again, is reflecting off and
entering your eyes.
If an object looks red...
(You get the idea!)

on

off

How does light


reflect?

Angle of incidence
Angle of reflection

The angle of
reflection is
always equal
to the angel
of incidence.

on

Light can only be reflected in


straight lines.
off

How does light form


shadows?

light
source

Light

light
source

rays travel in straight lines, radiating out from the


light source.
If rays are blocked by an opaque object a shadow forms
where the light cannot reach.
If the light source is moved closer to the object, more
light is blocked and a larger shadow is formed.

How does sunlight cause


shadows?
2pm

The position of the


Sun effects
3pmthe
position and length of
the shadows created.
4pm

7pm

...and travel
across the sky
until it sets in the
West.

12am

10am

Looking North,
the Sun appears
to rise in the
9am
East...
8am

6am

Thanks to this
natural phenomenon a
sundial is able to tell
us the time, as long
as it is a sunny day!

Dispersion
Dispersion is the event decomposition
polychromatic light (white) to lightmonochromatic light (me, ji, me, hi, bi, ni, u) on
the prism through refraction or bending.

Diffraction
Diffraction is the ability of light waves to
bend around obstacles placed in their
path.

Polarization
Polarization(alsopolarisation) is a
property ofwaves that canoscillatewith
more than one orientation.

Refraction
Refractionis the change in direction
of propagation of awavedue to a change
in itstransmission medium.

Reflection
Reflectionis the change in direction
of awavefrontat aninterfacebetween
two differentmediaso that the
wavefront returns into the medium
from which it originated.

Lens

Is a transparent object with at least one


curved side that causes light to refract.
Have 2 sides
Either side could be plane, concave or
convex.
We group them into two: converging
lenses (where the light rays come together
at a common point) and diverging (when
light rays spread apart)

Types of Converging
Lenses

In order for a lens to converge light it must be thicker near the midpoint to
allow more bending.

Double-convex
lens

Plano-convex lens

Converging meniscus
lens

Types of Diverging
Lenses

In order for a lens to diverge light it must be thinner near the midpoint to allow
more bending.

Double-concave
lens

Plano-concave lens

diverging meniscus
lens

Image Construction:
Ray
Ray1:1:AAray
rayparallel
parallelto
tolens
lensaxis
axispasses
passesthrough
throughthe
thefar
farfocus
focus ofofaa
converging
converginglens
lensor
orappears
appearsto
tocome
comefrom
fromthe
thenear
nearfocus
focusofofaadiverging
diverginglens.
lens.

Converging Lens

Diverging Lens
Ray 1

Ray 1

Image Construction:
Ray
Ray2:2:AAray
raypassing
passingthrough
throughthe
thenear
nearfocal
focalpoint
pointofofaaconverging
converginglens
lensor
or
proceeding
proceedingtoward
towardthe
thefar
farfocal
focalpoint
pointofofaadiverging
diverginglens
lensisisrefracted
refracted
parallel
parallelto
tothe
thelens
lensaxis.
axis.

Converging Lens

Diverging Lens

Ray 1

Ray 1

Ray 2

Ray 2

Image Construction:
Ray
Ray3:3:AAray
raypassing
passingthrough
throughthe
thecenter
centerof
ofany
anylens
lenscontinues
continuesininaastraight
straight
line.
line.The
Therefraction
refractionatatthe
thefirst
firstsurface
surfaceisisbalanced
balancedby
bythe
therefraction
refractionat
atthe
the
second
secondsurface.
surface.

Converging Lens

Diverging Lens

Ray 1

Ray 3

Ray 1
Ray 2

Ray 2

F
Ray 3

Object Outside 2F
F
2F

2F

Real; inverted;
diminished

1. The image is inverted, i.e., opposite


to the object orientation.

3. The image is diminished in size, i.e.,


smaller than the object.

2. The image is real, i.e., formed by


actual light on the opposite side of
the lens.

Image
Imageisislocated
locatedbetween
betweenFF
and
and2F
2F

Object at 2F
F
2F

2F

Real; inverted;
same size

1. The image is inverted, i.e., opposite


to the object orientation.

3. The image is the same size as the


object.

2. The image is real, i.e., formed by


actual light on the opposite side of lens.

Image
Imageisislocated
locatedat
at2F
2Fon
on
other
otherside
side

Object Between 2F and


F
F
2F

2F

Real; inverted;
enlarged

1. The image is inverted, i.e., opposite


to the object orientation.

3. The image is enlarged in size, i.e.,


larger than the object.

2. The image is real; formed by


actual light rays on opposite side

Image
Imageisislocated
locatedbeyond
beyond2F
2F

Object at Focal Length F


F
2F

2F

Parallel rays; no
image formed

When
Whenthe
theobject
objectisislocated
locatedatatthe
thefocal
focallength,
length,the
therays
raysofoflight
lightare
are
parallel.
parallel.The
Thelines
linesnever
nevercross,
cross,and
andno
noimage
imageisisformed.
formed.

Object Inside F
F
2F

2F

Virtual; erect;
enlarged

1. The image is erect, i.e., same


orientation as the object.

3. The image is enlarged in size, i.e.,


larger than the object.

2. The image is virtual, i.e., formed


where light does NOT go.

Image
Imageisislocated
locatedon
onnear
nearside
side
ofoflens
lens

Review of Image
Formations
F
2F

2F
2F F

F
F 2F

F
F

Object Outside 2F Region

2F
2F

Real;
Real; inverted;
inverted;
Virtual;
erect;
Parallel
rays;
no
diminished
same
enlarged
size
enlarged
image
formed

Diverging Lens Imaging


All
Allimages
imagesformed
formedby
bydiverging
diverginglenses
lensesare
areerect,
erect,virtual,
virtual,and
anddiminished.
diminished.
Images
Imagesget
getlarger
largeras
asobject
objectapproaches.
approaches.

Diverging Lens

Diverging Lens

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