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How do we see?
Light coming from, (or reflecting off)
How do we see?
Information entering the brain through the
optic nerve, is then transmitted through
more nerve pathways to the visual cortex.
on
off
Angle of incidence
Angle of reflection
The angle of
reflection is
always equal
to the angel
of incidence.
on
light
source
Light
light
source
7pm
...and travel
across the sky
until it sets in the
West.
12am
10am
Looking North,
the Sun appears
to rise in the
9am
East...
8am
6am
Thanks to this
natural phenomenon a
sundial is able to tell
us the time, as long
as it is a sunny day!
Dispersion
Dispersion is the event decomposition
polychromatic light (white) to lightmonochromatic light (me, ji, me, hi, bi, ni, u) on
the prism through refraction or bending.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the ability of light waves to
bend around obstacles placed in their
path.
Polarization
Polarization(alsopolarisation) is a
property ofwaves that canoscillatewith
more than one orientation.
Refraction
Refractionis the change in direction
of propagation of awavedue to a change
in itstransmission medium.
Reflection
Reflectionis the change in direction
of awavefrontat aninterfacebetween
two differentmediaso that the
wavefront returns into the medium
from which it originated.
Lens
Types of Converging
Lenses
In order for a lens to converge light it must be thicker near the midpoint to
allow more bending.
Double-convex
lens
Plano-convex lens
Converging meniscus
lens
Types of Diverging
Lenses
In order for a lens to diverge light it must be thinner near the midpoint to allow
more bending.
Double-concave
lens
Plano-concave lens
diverging meniscus
lens
Image Construction:
Ray
Ray1:1:AAray
rayparallel
parallelto
tolens
lensaxis
axispasses
passesthrough
throughthe
thefar
farfocus
focus ofofaa
converging
converginglens
lensor
orappears
appearsto
tocome
comefrom
fromthe
thenear
nearfocus
focusofofaadiverging
diverginglens.
lens.
Converging Lens
Diverging Lens
Ray 1
Ray 1
Image Construction:
Ray
Ray2:2:AAray
raypassing
passingthrough
throughthe
thenear
nearfocal
focalpoint
pointofofaaconverging
converginglens
lensor
or
proceeding
proceedingtoward
towardthe
thefar
farfocal
focalpoint
pointofofaadiverging
diverginglens
lensisisrefracted
refracted
parallel
parallelto
tothe
thelens
lensaxis.
axis.
Converging Lens
Diverging Lens
Ray 1
Ray 1
Ray 2
Ray 2
Image Construction:
Ray
Ray3:3:AAray
raypassing
passingthrough
throughthe
thecenter
centerof
ofany
anylens
lenscontinues
continuesininaastraight
straight
line.
line.The
Therefraction
refractionatatthe
thefirst
firstsurface
surfaceisisbalanced
balancedby
bythe
therefraction
refractionat
atthe
the
second
secondsurface.
surface.
Converging Lens
Diverging Lens
Ray 1
Ray 3
Ray 1
Ray 2
Ray 2
F
Ray 3
Object Outside 2F
F
2F
2F
Real; inverted;
diminished
Image
Imageisislocated
locatedbetween
betweenFF
and
and2F
2F
Object at 2F
F
2F
2F
Real; inverted;
same size
Image
Imageisislocated
locatedat
at2F
2Fon
on
other
otherside
side
2F
Real; inverted;
enlarged
Image
Imageisislocated
locatedbeyond
beyond2F
2F
2F
Parallel rays; no
image formed
When
Whenthe
theobject
objectisislocated
locatedatatthe
thefocal
focallength,
length,the
therays
raysofoflight
lightare
are
parallel.
parallel.The
Thelines
linesnever
nevercross,
cross,and
andno
noimage
imageisisformed.
formed.
Object Inside F
F
2F
2F
Virtual; erect;
enlarged
Image
Imageisislocated
locatedon
onnear
nearside
side
ofoflens
lens
Review of Image
Formations
F
2F
2F
2F F
F
F 2F
F
F
2F
2F
Real;
Real; inverted;
inverted;
Virtual;
erect;
Parallel
rays;
no
diminished
same
enlarged
size
enlarged
image
formed
Diverging Lens
Diverging Lens