Instructor Introduction

<Abdul Ahmad Barakzai,

Microsoft Certified Trainer (MCT)
Master in ICT
CCNA, Routing & Switching,
CCNP, Routing & Switching,
CCDA, Design
CCDP, Design
CCNA, Security,
MCP, MCSA,MCSE, MCSA-Security, MCSE-Security, MCITPs
< abdulahmad.barakzi@gmail.com
<0093793303380
1

Cisco Certified Network Associate CCNA R&S

Internetworking

Internetworking Basics
Internetworking Models
The Layered Approach
Advantages of Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model:

International Standards Organization (ISO)
Introduced in 1978 and revised in 1984
Formulates the communication process into
structured layers
There are seven layers in the model, hence the name
the 7-Layer model
The model acts as a frame of reference in the design
of communications and networking products.

The Layered Approach to Communication:

7.Application
6.Presentation
5.Session
4.Transport
3.Network
2.DataLink
1.Physical

OSI Chart

TCP/IP
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
is the basic communication language or protocol of the
Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol
in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet).
TCP is responsible for breaking data down into small
packets before they can be sent over a network, and for
assembling the packets again when they arrive.
IP takes care of the communication between computers. It
is responsible for addressing, sending and receiving the
data packets over the Internet.
6

Internet Protocol IP
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the
principal communications protocol in the Internet
protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network
boundaries. Its routing function
enables internetworking, and essentially establishes
the Internet.
The IP address has been categorized in to two parts:
1. Private IP address
2. Public IP address
7

Private IP address:
According to standards set forth in Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) document RFC-1918, the following
IPv4 address ranges have been reserved by the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for private internets,
and are not publicly routable on the global internet:
10.0.0.0/8 IP addresses: 10.0.0.0 -- 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0/12 IP addresses: 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0/16 IP addresses: 192.168.0.0
192.168.255.255

Public IP address:
A public IP address is the address that is assigned to
a computing device to allow direct access over the
Internet. A web server, email server and any server
device directly accessible from the Internet are
candidate for a public IP address. A public IP address
is globally unique, and can only be assigned to an
unique device.

Public IP address:
There are five classes of available IP ranges: Class
A, Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E. while only
A, B, and C are commonly used. Each class allows
for a range of valid IP addresses. Below is a listing of
these addresses.
Ranges 127.x.x.x are reserved for the
loopback or localhost, for example, 127.0.0.1 is

10

Range of IPv4

Class A: 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254

Class B: 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254
Class C: 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254
Class D: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
Class E: 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254

11

Network Devices:

Router
Switch
Hub
Bridge
Firewall

12

!Thank you

13