Hemichordata and Invertebrate

Chordates

Phylum
Hemichordata
Characteristics of Hemichordata:All live marine environments.

Bilaterally
symmetrical.

Body divided into three

sections, a proboscis, a collar
and a trunk.

Body cavity a true

coelom divided into
three cavities.

Dorsal, sometimes
tubular, nerve cord.

Complete digestive
tract, feeds on fine
particles in the water.

Class Enteropneusta
Marine worms

Ciliated epidermis and glands

cover acorn worms
Burrow in sandy and
muddy substrates

Common name acorn worms

Maintenance Functions
Ventral Mouth
Lateral Pharyngeal slits,few to several hundred

Cilia and mucus assist

acorn worms in feeding
Ciliary tracts converge
near the mouth and
form a mucoid string
that enters the mouth

Enteropneusta
extends its posterior
end out of the burrow
during defecation.

Eww!!!

Nervous system
Ectodermal in origin
Lies at the base of
the ciliated epidermis
Consist of dorsal and
ventral nerve tracts
No major ganglia
Sensory receptors
are unspecialized

Respiration
Simple diffusion of
metabolic waste
Cilia associated with
Pharyngeal slits
circulate water into
mouth and out of body
Gas exchange as
water passes through
pharyngeal slits

Circulatory system
Colorless blood moves nutrients
and wastes
Dorsal and ventral contractile
vessel
Blood moves anteriorly in dorsal
Posteriorly in ventral vessel
Branches from theses vessels
lead to open sinuses (Partially open
circulatory system)

Anterior flowing blood moves

through glomerulus (excretory
organ)
Waste filtered into proboscis
coelom and out through pores
found in wall of proboscis

Reproduction and Development

Dioecious!!

External Fertilization

pheromones

Evolutionary ties b/w hemichordatres

and echinoderms
Ciliated larvae

Class Pterobranchia
pteron- wing
branchia- gill
Deep marine water
Some live in shallow waters

Body divided
into three
regions
Size 0.1 - 5mm

Individuals
called
zooids

Most live in secreted tubes in asexually

produced colonies

Maintenance Functions
Filter feeders
Cilia on tentacles trap and transport
Food to mouth
Respiration and excretory
exchange by diffusion

Reproduction and Development

Asexual budding is common and responsible
for colony formation
Also some posses one or two gonads
Most species are dioecious
External fertilization
Planula-like larva (cnidarian)
Settles to a substrate, forms cocoon and
metamorphoses into an adult

Phylum Chordata
Characteristic of the chordates
Deuterostome embryo development
Notochord, phayngeal slits or pouches,
dorsal tubular nerve cord, and postanal tail
Coelomate animals
Bilateral symmetry
Endoskeleton
Two major groups: nonvertebrate chordates
and vertebrates

Subphylum Urochordata
Uro, tail and chorda, cord
Class ascidians
Tunicates or sea squirts

Solitaire or colonial
Sessile adults
Attach to solid substrates
two siphons that permit
seawater to circulate
through the body
Oral siphon also the
mouth
Atrial siphon

Body wall
Tunic- gown
Connective tissue
like covering
Tough secreted by
the epidermis
Composed of
proteins
Salts, cellulose
Stolons extensions
of tunic help root

Maintenance Functions
Longitudinal and circular
muscles below the body wall
epithelium
Nervous system largely
confined to body wall
Forms nerve plexus with a
single ganglion between oral
and atrial opening
Sensitive to mechanical and
chemical stimuli around
siphon but no complex
sensory organs

Reproduction and Development

Tadpole larva
Attaches to substrate by
adhesive papillae
located below the mouth
During development
internal structures rotate
1800 bending the
digestive tract into a Ushape

Reproduction and Development

Monoecious
Self fertilization and cross fertilization

Subphylum Cephalochordata
Elongated laterally flattened
nearly transparent
Lancelets
Size up to 5 cm tadpole like
animals
All four chordate
characteristics persist
throughout life
Shallow waters
genera Branchiostoma
(Amphioxus)

Reproduction and Development

Dioecious
Gonads shed gametes into
the atrium
Leave the body through
the atriopore
External fertilization
Bilaterally symmetrical
larva
Larva free swimming
Larva Settle to substrate
then metamorph into adults

Maintenance Function
Filter feeders
Buried in sandy
substrate
Mouth pointed
upward

 Cilia on lateral surfaces of gill sweep water into

mouth
Food sorted in the cirri

Edible particles move along cilia to the gut

 No true heart
Contractile waves in
the walls of major
vessels propel
blood
Blood contains
amoeboid cells and
bathes tissues in
open spaces

 Excretory tubules are modified coelomic

cells closely associated with blood vessels.

Coelom reduced- restricted to canals near the

gill bars, endostyle and the gonads