Bent 3133 Lect1

DEFINITION
A quantity can be either a scalar or a vector.

A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude.
Examples are time, mass, distance, temperature,
entropy, electric potential etc
Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition
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Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press
DEFINATION
A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude
and direction.
Examples are velocity, force, displacement,
electric field intensity, magnetic field intensity
etc
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DEFINATION
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DEFINATION
Electromagnetic (EM) Theory is essentially a
study of some particular fields.
A field is a function that specifies a particular
quantity everywhere in a region.
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DEFINATION
If the quantity is scalar, the field is scalar field.
Examples of scalar field : temperature distribution
in a building, sound intensity in a theater, electric
potential in a region, etc.
If the field is vector, the field is vector field.
Examples of vector field : gravitational force on a
body in space, the velocity of raindrops in the
atmosphere, Electric Field and Magnetic Field,
intensities,etc
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UNIT VECTOR
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UNIT VECTOR
Thus we may write vector A as
A = A aA
In cartesian coordinates vector A may be
represented as
A = Ax ax +Ay ay + Az az
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UNIT VECTOR
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UNIT VECTOR
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Figure 1.1 (a) Unit vectors ax, ay, and az, (b) components of A along ax, ay, and az.
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Vector addition
Two vectors A and B can be added together to
give vector C,
C=A+B
= ( Ax ax +Ay ay + Az az ) +
( Bx a x + B y a y + B z a z )
= (Ax + Bx ) ax + (Ay + By ) ay + (Az + Bz ) az
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Figure 1.2 Vector addition C A B: (a) parallelogram rule, (b) head-to-tail rule.
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Vector subtraction
Vector subtraction is similarly carried out as
D = A B = A + (- B)
= (Ax - Bx ) ax + (Ay - By ) ay + (Az - Bz ) az
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Figure 1.3 Vector subtraction DAB: (a) parallelogram rule, (b) head-to-tail rule.
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Three basics laws of algebra
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Three basics laws of algebra
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Position and distance vectors

The position vector rP (or radius vector) of point P
(x,y,z) is defined as the the directed distance from
the origin O to P,
rP = OP = xax +yay + zaz
The position vector of point P is useful in defining
its position in space.
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For example if P is at (3,4,5) in cartesian
coordinates then its position vector
rP = OP = 3ax +4ay + 5az
This is illustrated in Fig. 1.4
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Figure 1.4 Illustration of position vectorrP 3ax 4ay 5az.
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The distance vector is the displacement from
one point to another.
If P and Q are given by (xP, yP, zP ) and (xQ, yQ,
zQ ), the distance vector (or separation vector)
is,
rPQ = rQ - rP
= (xQ xP)ax + (yQ yP)ay + (zQ zP)az
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Figure 1.5 Distance vector rPQ.
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Example 2
Points P and Q are located at (0,2,4) and (-3,1,5).
Calculate
a)The position vector P
b)The distance vector from P to Q
c)The distance between P and Q
d)A vector parallel to PQ with magnitude of 10
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Exercise 1
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Exercise 2
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Exercise 3
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Figure 1.6 For Example 1.3.
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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
When two vectors A and B are multiplied, the
result is either a scalar or a vector depending on
how they are multiplied. Two types of vector
multiplication
Scalar (or dot ) product : AB
Vector (or cross ) product : A x B
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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
Multiplication of three vectors A,B, and C can
result in either
Scalar triple product : A (B x C)
Vector triple product : A x (B x C)
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Dot Product
The dot product of two vectors A and B,
written as AB, is defined geometrically as the
product of the magnitude of A and B and the
cosine of the angle between them.
AB = AB cos AB
Where AB is the smaller angle between A and
B.
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Dot Product
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Dot Product
The dot product obeys the following:
1.Commutative law;
AB = BA
2.Distributive law;
A (B + C) = AB + AC
3. AA = A2 = A2
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Dot Product
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Cross Product
The cross product of two vectors A and B,
written as A x B , is a vector quantity whose
magnitude is the area of the parallelogram
formed by A and B , and is in the direction of
advance of a right handed screw as A is turned
into B.
A x B = AB sin AB an
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Cross Product
where an is a unit vector normal to the plane
containing A and B. The direction of an is
taken as the direction of the right thumb when
the fingers of the right hand rotate from A to
B.
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Figure 1.7 The cross product of A and B is a vector with magnitude equal to the area of the parallelogram and direction, as indicated.
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Figure 1.8 Direction of A B and an using (a) the right-hand rule and (b) the right-handed-screw rule.
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Cross Product
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Cross Product
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Cross Product
3. It is distributive;
A x (B + C) = A x B + A x C
4. A x A = 0
Note:
ax x ay = az
ay x az = ax
az x ax = ay
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Cross product
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Figure 1.9 Cross product using cyclic permutation (a) Moving clockwise leads to positive results. (b) Moving counterclockwise leads to negative results.
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Scalar Triple Product

Given vector A, B, and C, we define the scalar
triple product as,
A (B x C) = B (C x A) = C (A x B)
The result is a scalar.
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Scalar Triple Product
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Vector Triple Product

For a vector A, B, and C, we define the vector
triple product as
A x (B x C) = B(A C) C(A B)
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Components of a vector
Given a vector A, we define the scalar
component AB of A along a vector B as,
AB = A cos AB =AaBcos AB
Or
AB = A aB
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Components of a vector
Note the vector component AB of A along B is
simply the scalar component multiplied by a
unit vector along B,
AB = ABaB = (A aB)aB
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Figure 1.10 Components of A along B: (a) scalar component AB, (b) vector component AB .
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Example 3
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Example 3
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Example 3
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Example 4
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Example 4
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Example 5
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Example 6
Show that points P1 (5,2,-4), P2 (1,1,2), and P3
(-3,0,8) all lie on a straight line. Determine the
shortest distance between the line and point P 4
(3,-1,0).
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Exercise 4
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Exercise 5
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Exercise 6
Consider a rigid body rotating with a constant
angular velocity radians per second about a fixed
axis through 0 as in figure below. Let r be the
distance vector from 0 to P, the position of a particle
in the body. The magnitude of the velocity u of the
body at P isu= d = r sin or u =
x r. If the rigid body is rotating at 3 rad/s about an
axis parallel to ax 2ay + 2az and passing through
point (2,-3,1), determine the velocity of the body at
(1,3,4)
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Figure 1.13 For Problem 1.8.
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Bent 3133 Lect1

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DEFINITION

A quantity can be either a scalar or a vector.

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Three basics laws of algebra

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Three basics laws of algebra

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Position and distance vectors

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Position and distance vectors

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Figure 1.4 Illustration of position vectorrP 3ax 4ay 5az.

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Position and distance vectors

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Figure 1.5 Distance vector rPQ.

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Position and distance vectors

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Position and distance vectors

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press

Elements of Electromagnetics Fourth Edition

Copyright 2007 Oxford University Press