Information Required to Apply

Protection
1. One-line diagram of the system or area involved
2. Impedances and connections of power equipment, system
frequency, voltage level and phase sequence
3. Existing schemes
4. Operating procedures and practices affecting protection
5. Importance of protection required and maximum allowed
clearance times
6. System fault studies
7. Maximum load and system swing limits
8. CTs and VTs locations, connections and ratios
9. Future expansion expectance
10. Any special considerations for application.

One Line Diagram

Non-dimensioned diagram showing
how pieces of electrical equipment
are connected
Simplification of actual system
Equipment is shown as boxes, circles
and other simple graphic symbols
Symbols should follow ANSI or IEC
conventions

1-Line Symbols [1]

ANSI C37-2 Device

Numbers

21 Distance Relay

25 Synchronizing Device
27 Undervoltage Relay
32 Directional Power Relay
49 Thermal Relay
50 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
51 AC Time Overcurrent Relay
52 AC Circuit Breaker

ANSI C37-2 Device

Numbers

59

Overvoltage Relay

67

AC Directional Overcurrent

72

DC Circuit Breaker

76

DC Overcurrent Relay

79

AC Reclosing Relay

81

Frequency Relay

86

Lockout Relay

87

Differential Relay

AC Elementary Diagram
Phase sequence a-b-c
CT
c
52 b
a
51-C 51-B
51-A
51-N
AC Bus
51: Time overcurrent relay
52: AC circuit breaker

Protected Line

a b c

AC Elementary Diagram

a b c

Phase sequence a-b-c

c
52 b
a
51-C 51-B
51-A
51-N

Protected Line

CT

TOC phase relays

51-A, 51-B, and 51-C
should send trip signal
to breaker 52

AC Bus
51: Time overcurrent relay
52: AC circuit breaker

AC Elementary Diagram

a b c

Phase sequence a-b-c

c
52 b
a
51-C 51-B
51-A
51-N

Protected Line

CT

TOC ground relay

51-N (set sensitively)
should send trip signal
to breaker 52

AC Bus
51: Time overcurrent relay
52: AC circuit breaker

DC Elementary Diagram
Relay operating coil
Relay contacts
51-A
s

51-B
s

51-A

51-A 51-B
s
52
TC
52a

51-B
s

to 51-C
and 51-N

Remarks
The elementary diagrams are
drawn for electromechanical relays
The auxiliary relay marked with s is
the seal-in or contact switch
This is not usually needed with solidstate relays, but the relay must latch
in the trip position

Conventional contact
positions
Convention: contacts are shown in
the de-energized or non-operated
position
52a is auxiliary contact that is in
same position as the breaker
52b is auxiliary contact that is in the
opposite position as the breaker

DC Elementary Diagram
Relay operating coil
Relay contacts
51-A
s

51-B
s

51-A

51-A 51-B
s
52
TC
52a

51-B
s

to 51-C
and 51-N

Shows the operated condition for a fault

producing a trip signal to the breaker
trip coil 52 TC

DC Elementary Diagram
Relay operating coil
Relay contacts
51-A
s

51-B
s

51-A

51-A 51-B
s
52
TC
52a

51-B
s

to 51-C
and 51-N

Shows the operated condition for a fault

producing a trip signal to the breaker
trip coil 52 TC, with relay latched

DC Elementary Diagram
Relay operating coil
Relay contacts
51-A
s

51-B
s

51-A

51-A 51-B
s
52
TC
52a

51-B
s

to 51-C
and 51-N

After breaker trips, 52a opens, which

unlatches the circuit, when relay no longer
sees the fault, 51-A and 51-B will open