DFIG SteadyState

Double-fed electric machines
steady state analysis

J. McCalley
Four configurations
We will study
only this one,
the DFIG.
Basic concepts
Power
Grid
DFIG
Rotor
DC Link
AC
DC
DC
AC
Rotor is wound: it has 3 windings.

Stator has three windings.
Induction machine looks like a transformer with a rotating secondary (rotor).
In DFIG, we will inject a voltage control signal via that converter.
Basic Concepts
roto
r
Balanced voltages applied to stator windings provides a

rotating magnetic field of speed
which induces an emf in the rotor windings according to eind
eind=induced emf in one conductor of rotor
v=velocity of conductor relative to stator flux rotation
B=stator magnetic flux density vector
L=length of conductor in direction of wire
60 f s
ns
p
(v B ) L
(fs: 60 Hz,
p: # of pole
pairs)
Basic concepts
s m
slip s
;
s
n nm
s
;
ns
s 377 rad/sec ;
ns
We can manipulate to get:
m p m
60 f s
rpm
p
nm ns (1 s )
Mechanical
rad/sec
m s (1 s )
The induced rotor voltages have frequency of :
Substitution into slip expression above yields:
Observe three modes of operation:
r s m
s r r s s f r sf s
s
m< s r>0s>0Subsynchronous operation

m= s r=0s=0Synchronous operation
m>s r<0s<0Supersynchronous operation
5
Per-phase steady-state
model
STATOR VOLTAGE EQUATION:
V s E s ( Rs jX s ) I s
at fs
V s =stator voltage with frequency fs

E s = emf in the stator windings with frequency fs
I s = stator current with frequency fs
Rs =stator resistance
These quantities
are referred to
stator side.
X s =stator leakage reactance

ROTOR VOLTAGE EQUATION:
V r E rs ( Rr jX r ) I r
V r =rotor voltage with frequency fr

E rs =induced emf in the rotor windings with frequency fr
I r =induced rotor current with frequency fs
Rr =rotor resistance
X r =rotor leakage reactance= r Lr
at fr
These quantities
are referred to
rotor side,
indicated by
prime notation.
Referring quantities
Application of Faradays Law allows the stator back emf and the induced rotor
voltage to be expressed as:
Ks, Kr: stator and rotor winding factors, respectively,
E s 2K s N s f s m
which combine the pitch and distribution factors.
Ns, Nr: number of turns of stator & rotor, respectively.
E rs 2K r N r f r m
fs, fr, frequency of stator & rotor quantities, respectively
m : magnetizing flux
Solve both relations for m and equate:
Es
E rs
Es
Ks Ns fs
m
E
Kr Nr fr
2K s N s f s
2K r N r f r
rs
But recall:
f r sf s
Es
K N f
K N
s s s s s
E rs K r N r sf s K r N r s
Es
Ns
The ratio Ks/Kr is normally very close to 1, therefore

E rs N r s
Es
a
sE s
Ns
Define the effective turns ratio: a

rs
E
s
a
Nr
rs
Es
E
Define the induced rotor voltage referred to the stator side:

rs
a
We just derived that:
E rs
sE s
a
(*)
At a locked rotor condition (s=1), the device is simply a static transformer,

and we have:
Es
E rs
E s a E rs
This tells us it we want to move a voltage from rotor side to stator side, we multiply it
by a=Ns/Nr. We can obtain similar relationships for currents and impedances, and so
we define the rotor quantities referred to the stator
according to:
2
E rs E rs a
I r I r / a
Is
Rs
Rr
Ir
Rotor quantities are referred

to the stator-side, indicated
by unprimed quantities.
Vr
This is locked rotor condition

(s=1), therefore r=s and
Ers=Es
3
3
Es
Lr Lr a 2
jrLr
jsLs
3
3
Vs
Rr Rr a
3
3
3
3 Ers
We can account for other

slip conditions using r=ss
and from (*), aErs=sEs.
Rs
Is
Ir
3
3
3
3
Es
Vs
Rr
jssLr
jsLs
3
3
3
3 Ers=sEs
Vr
Now write the rotor-side voltage equation (referred to stator):
V r s E s ( Rr js s Lr ) I r
Divide by s
Is
Rs
Vr
R
E s ( r j s Lr ) I r
s
s
jsLr
jsLs
Es
Ir
3
3
3
3
Vs
Rr/s
and we get the following circuit:
3
3
3
3 Es
Vr/s
The voltage on both sides

of the xfmr is the same,
therefore, we may eliminate
the xfmr. .We represent a
magnetizing inductance
jsLm in its place.
9
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
Es
Ir
3
3
3
3
Vs
Rr/s
3
3 jsLm
Vr/s
10
Power relations
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
Es
Ir
3
3
3
3
Vs
Rr/s
3
3 jsLm
Vr/s
We modify the above circuit slightly in order to clearly separate slip-dependent terms
from loss terms:
Rr Rr sRr sRr sRr Rr sRr

R (1 s )
Rr r
s
s
s
s
s
Vr Vr sVr sVr sVr Vr sVr
V (1 s )
Vr r
s
s
s
s
s
Change the circuit accordingly.
11
Power relations
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
3
3
3
3
Vs
Es
3
3 jsLm
Rr
Vr(1-s)/s
+Rr(1-s)/s
Ir
Vr
It is possible to prove that the mechanical power out of the machine is the power
associated with the slip-dependent terms R2(1-s)/s and Vr(1-s)/s. To do so, use:
Power balance relation:
Pmech Ps Pr Ploss , s Ploss ,r
where Ps and Pr are powers entering the machine through the stator & rotor windings,
respectively, and Ploss,s and Ploss,r are the stator and rotor winding losses, respectively.
Expressing the right-hand-terms of the power balance relation in terms of the above
circuit parameters leads one to identify the slip-dependent terms as Pmech.
Knowing that the slip-dependent terms are those responsible for mechanical power,
we may obtain the power expressions from the circuit, as on the next slide.
12
Power relationsP
mech
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
3
3
3
3
3
3 jsLm
Es
Vs
Pmech 3 I r2 Req 3 Re V eq I r

Rr (1 s )
1 s *
3 Re V r
Ir
s
R (1 s )
1 s
*
3 I r2 r
3
Re V r I r
s
s
3 I r2
Veq=
Rr
Vr(1-s)/s Ir
+Req=
Rr(1-s)/s
Vr
Rotor current (Ir) direction is out of positive side

of voltage source; therefore it supplies power to
circuit. But a normal (positive) resistance Req
always consumes power. So these two terms
should be opposite sign. Defining Pmech>0 (see
below) as motor mode implies Req term should
be added and Veq term should be subtracted.
If Pmech>0the machine is delivering power through the shaft: MOTOR!

If Pmech<0the machine is receiving power through the shaft: GEN!
If 0<s<1Req term is positive Veq term is positiveSupplying P to cct
If 0>s>-1Req term is negative Veq term is negativeConsuming P from cct.
13
A first torque
expression
Rs
Is
jsLs
jsLr
3
3
3
3
3
3 jsLm
Es
Vs
Veq=
Rr
Vr(1-s)/s Ir
+Req=
Rr(1-s)/s
Vr
Rr (1 s )
1 s
*
Re V r I r
s
p
p 2 Rr (1 s )
p 1 s
*
Pmech Tem m Tem m Tem Pmech
3
Ir
3
Re V r I r
p
m
m
s
m s
(p: # of pole
p 2 Rrm
p m
3
Re V r I *r
pairs)
Tem 3
I r
m
m r
r
Pmech 3 I r2
r
;
Recall from slide 5: s
s
and
m s (1 s ) 1 s
Therefore:
s
1 s m s m
s
s r r
3 p I r2 Rr
r
Tem
3p
*
Re V r I r
r
3 p I r2 Rr
3p
Vr I r cos v i
r
14
A second (equivalent) torque

expression V =
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
3
3
3
3
3
3 jsLm
Es
Vs
Rr
eq
Vr(1-s)/s Ir
+Req=
Rr(1-s)/s
Vr
Stator power:
Ps 3 Re V s I s
Stator voltage:
V s I s Rs j s Ls I s I r j s Lm
Substitute Vs into Ps: Ps 3 Re V s I s 3 Re I s Rs j s Ls I s I r j s Lm I s

*
3 Re R I
3 Re Rs I s I s j s Ls I s I s j s Lm I s I s j s Lm I r I s
2
s s
j s Ls I s2 j s Lm I s2 j s Lm I r I s
The middle two terms are purely imaginary, therefore:
First term is purely real, only the second term contains real and imaginary, therefore:
P 3R I 3 Re j L I I
2
s s
*
s
Ps 3 Re Rs I s2 j s Lm I r I s
s
15

expression V =
Rs
Is
jsLs
3
3
3
3
Rotor power:
3
3 jsLm
Es
Vs
Pr 3 Re V r I r
Rr
jsLr
eq
Vr(1-s)/s Ir
+Req=
Rr(1-s)/s
Vr
1 s
1 s
I r Rr Rr
j s Lr I s I r j s Lm
s
s
Rotor voltage: V r
Rr
Ir
j s Lr I s I r j s Lm
s
s
V r I r Rr js s Lr I s I r js s Lm
*
Substitute Vr into Pr:
r
s
r
r
r r
r
s r
V
3 Re I
P 3 Re V I
3 Re R I
js L
jss Lm I *r
3 Re Rr I r I r js s Lr I r I r jss Lm I r I r js s Lm I s I r
2
r r
jss Lr I r2 js s Lm I r2 jss Lm I s I r
The middle two terms are purely imaginary, therefore:
First term is purely real, only the second term contains real and imaginary, therefore:
P 3R I 3 Re js L I I
2
r r
*
r
Pr 3 Re Rr I r2 jss Lm I s I r
r
16

expression
Now substitute Ps and Pr into the power balance equation:
Ps 3Rs I s2 3 Re j s Lm I r I s
Pr 3Rr I r2 3 Re jss Lm I s I r
Pmech 3Rs I s2 3 Re j s Lm I r I s 3Rr I r2 3 Re js s Lm I s I r Ploss , s Ploss ,r

*
Observe we have loss terms added and subtracted in the above, so they go away.
Pmech 3 Re js Lm I r I s 3 Re js s Lm I s I r
*
Now consider what happens when you take the real part of a vector multiplied by j
ja
(or rotated by 90 degrees):
a
Im(a)
Observe that
Re(ja) = - Im(a)
Re(ja)
Therefore:
Pmech 3 Im s Lm I r I s 3 Im ss Lm I s I r
*
17

expression
Pmech 3 Im s Lm I r I s 3 Im s s Lm I s I r
Lets consider another vector identity: taking imaginary part of a conjugated vector:
Observe that
Im(a*) = - Im(a)
a
Im(a)
Im(a*)
a*
Therefore:
Pmech 3 Im s Lm ( I r I s )* 3 Im s s Lm I s I r

3 L Im I I Ims I I
3 L Im I I 1 s
3 Im s Lm I s I r 3 Im s s Lm I s I r
s
s
Recall:
*
r
*
r
m s (1 s )
*
r
Therefore: Pmech 3m Lm Im I s I *r
Recall:
Tem Pmech
p
m
*
Tem 3 pLm Im I s I r
18
Two equivalent torque

expressions
Tem
3 p I r2 Rr
3p
Vr I r cos v i
r
Torque expression #1: Need rotor

speed, rotor voltage and rotor current
Torque expression #2: Need stator

current and rotor current
A third set of equivalent torque expressions follow.
19
Additional equivalent torque

expressions
If we assume the magnetic core of the stator and rotor is linear, then we may express
flux linkage phasors of each winding (stator winding and rotor winding, respectively):
Mutual
inductances
r Lm I s Lr I r
Stator winding s Ls I s Lm I r
Rotor winding
Self inductances
ASIDE: Each self inductance is comprised of mutual and leakage according to:
Ls Lm Ls ;
Therefore:
Lr Lm Lr
s Lm I s Ls I s Lm I r
Lm ( I s I r ) Ls I s
From stator winding equation:
r Lm I s Lm I r Lr I r
Lm ( I s I r ) Lr I r
From rotor winding equation:
r Lm I s
Lr I r
;
Is r
Lr
Lm
*
Choose one of these equations and
Lm I r
Is s
;
Ls
Ls I s
Ir s
;
Lm
Ir
substitute into torque expression #2.
20
Additional equivalent torque

expressions
From stator winding equation:
From rotor winding equation:
s Lm I r
Is
Ls
r Lm I s
Ir
Lr
Substitute into torque expression #2.
Using stator winding equation:
Lm I r *
Tem 3 pLm Im s
Ir
Ls
L
*
*
3 p m Im s I r Lm I r I r
Ls
3p
Lm
*
Im s I r Lm I r2
Ls
Lm
*
3p
Im s I r
Ls
Using rotor winding equation:
Lm I s
Tem 3 pLm Im I s r
Lr

L
*
*
3 p m Im I s r Lm I s I s
Lr
Lm
*
3p
Im I s r Lm I s2
Lr
Purely
real
3p
Lm
*
Im I s r
Lr
Purely
real
21
Airgap and slip power

On slides 15 and 16, we derived the following relations for the power into the
stator and rotor respectively:
Ps 3R I
2
s s
3 Re j L
s
Ir
*
s
Subtracting losses from both sides, we obtain:
Ps 3Rs I s2 3 Re js Lm I r I s
This quantity is the power that flows

from the stator terminals to the rotor
(negative for generator operation). In
other words, it is the power across
the airgap. Therefore:
Pairgap Ps 3R I 3 Re j s Lm I r I
2
s s
*
s
This quantity is the power that is

transferred from the grid to the rotor
through the converter (negative
when it is into the grid). It is called
the slip power. Therefore:
Pslip Pr 3Rr I r2 3 Re js s Lm I s I r
Bring out front the s in the slip power expression and use Re{ja}=-Im(a)
*
2
*
2
(both):
P
3
R
I
s
3
Im
L
I
I
P
P 3R I 3 Im L I I
slip
r
r r
s m s r
airgap
s s
Use Im(a*) = -Im(a) on slip expression:
Pairgap Ps 3R I
2
s s
3 Im L
s
Ir
I
*
s
Pslip Pr 3Rr I r2 s3 Im s Lm I s I r
*
The term 3Im{} in the slip power expression is Pairgap. Therefore:
Pslip sPairgap
22
Airgap and slip power

So we just proved that: Pslip sPairgap
Pairgap Ps 3Rs I s2 3 Re j s Lm I r I s
where
Pslip Pr 3Rr I r2 3 Re js s Lm I s I r
Our power balance relation states:
Therefore:
Pmech Ps Pr Ploss , s Ploss ,r Ps Ploss ,s Pr Ploss ,r

Pairgap
Pslip
Pmech Pairgap Pslip
Substituting Pslip sPairgap
we obtain Pmech Pairgap sPairgap 1 s Pairgap
m
Pairgap
s
p m
p
p
Tem Pmech
Pairgap
Pairgap
m s
m s
1
Substituting: Pslip sPairgap Pairgap
Pslip
s
Recall: 1 s
m
s
Pmech
p
Pslip
s s
s p
r
T
Pslip
s
em
r s
s
p
T
Pslip
em
r
Tem
23
Approximate relations between

active powers
On slides 15 and 16, we derived the following relations for the power into the
stator and rotor respectively:
Ps 3R I
2
s s
3 Re j L
s
Ir
*
s
If we neglect the stator losses (3RSIs2) and rotor losses (3RrIr2):
Ps 3 Re js Lm I r I s
Pr 3 Re jss Lm I s I r
Bring out front the s in the rotor power expression and use Re{ja}=-Im(a) (both):
Ps 3 Im s Lm I r I s
Pr s3 Im s Lm I s I r
Pr s3 Im s Lm I s I r
Use Im(a*) = - Im(a) on the rotor power expression
Ps 3 Im s Lm I r I s
The term 3Im{} in the rotor power expression is PS. Therefore:

Recall the power balance relation:
Neglecting losses:
Pmech Ps Pr
p m
p
p
Ps
Ps
m s m s
Pr sPs
Substituting Pr expression: Pmech Ps sPs (1 s ) Ps

m
m
1
Ps
mech
Recall:
s
s
Tem Pmech
24
Tem
r
s
s
p
Pr
s s
s p
T
Pr
em
r s
p
T
Pr
em
r
Active power relations - summary

Exact
3 Re js L
Both
Approximate
Ps 3Rs I s2 3 Re js Lm I r I s
Pr 3Rr I r2
mIs
r s s
*
r
Pairgap Ps 3R I 3 Re j s Lm I r I
2
s s
Pslip Pr 3R I 3 Re js s Lm I s I
2
r r
Pslip sPairgap
Pmech Pairgap Pslip
Pmech 1 s Pairgap
Pmech m Pairgap
s
p
Tem
Pairgap
s
p
Tem
Pslip
r
P 3 Re js L I I
P
P 3 Re j L I I
P P 3 Re js L I I
Ps 3 Re js Lm I r I s
*
r
*
s
1 s
m
s
Tem Pmech
airgap
p
m
slip
*
r
*
s
*
r
Pr sPs
Pmech Ps Pr
Pmech (1 s ) Ps
m
Ps
s
p
Tem
Ps
s
p
Tem
Pr
r
Pmech
25
Power balance
Pmech Ps Pr Ploss , s Ploss ,r Ps Ploss , s Pr Ploss ,r

Pairgap
Without losses
With losses
Pgrid
Ps
Pairgap
Ploss,s
Pslip
Pmech
Pslip
Pr
Pgrid
Ps
Pairgap
Ploss,r
Pslip
Pr
Pmech
These figures assume proper sign convention

(power flowing to the rotor is positive).
26
Generator modes
Ps
Mode
s
Tem r s s
p
Slip and
speed
Pmech
Pr
r
Tem
p
Ps
Pr
1. Motor
(Tem>0)
s<0, m>s
>0 (mch
>0 (mch
(suprsynchrns delivers mech receives
pwr)
power via
m)
stator)
>0 (mch
receives
power via
rotor)
2. Generator
(Tem<0)
s<0, m>s
<0 (mch
(suprsynchrns receives
mech pwr)
m)
<0 (mch
delivers
power via
rotor)
<0 (mch
delivers
power via
stator)
3. Generator
s>0, m<s
<0 (mch
<0 (mch
>0 (mch
(Tem<0)
delivers
receives
(subsynchrns receives
mech
pwr)to trackpower
viaPs, r, and
power
viathe
For each mode, we
may use the three
relations
the sign
Pr from
m)
rotor)
signs of Tem and s. For example, for mode 2, Tem<0Pstator)
s<0 and Tem<0, s<0 r<0Pr<0
4.Focusing
Motor on the generator
s>0, m<
>0
(mch the standard
>0 (mch
<0 (mch
modes,
we observe
induction machine
s
(Tgenerating
delivers
mech
receives
delivers
mode,(subsynchrns
supersynchronism,
where
em>0)
m>s (mode 2). We also observe a
pwr) < , whichpower
via to thepower
subsynchronous m)
mode (mode 3), where
is available
DGIG via
as a
m
s
27
stator)
rotor)
result of the machine receiving power from the grid via the rotor circuit.
Generator modes
Recall the approximate
relation
Pr sPs
Mode 2
Pm= Pmech
m s
Mode 3
m s
These figures show actual flow

direction for generator operation.
They also neglect losses.
Operation must have |s|

<1, so rotor power is
always smaller than
stator power.
In fact, DFIGS always
run within about
-0.3<s<0.3.
Therefore, the rating of
the PE converter circuit
need be only about 30%
of the stator winding
rating.
28
This figure assumes proper

sign convention (power
flowing to the rotor or into
the stator is positive).
Pmech Ps Pr
P
Ps mech
1 s
A question on
P P P
rating
sP
g
Pr
mech
1 s
Pgrid
Ps
Assume an operating condition

such that Pmech=PWTrating. Then
PWTrating
1 s
Pr
Pslip
Pr
sPWTrating
1 s
For example, consider Pmech=PWTrating=-2 MW.
Ps
Pairgap
Pmech
Pmech Pg PWTrating
Ps
Without losses
2
1.5385MW.
1 0.3
In supersynchronous mode, with s=-0.3,
Therefore stator winding must be rated for 1.5385 MW.
But in the subsynchronous mode, s=+0.3, then
Ps
2
2.8571MW
1 0 .3
Question: Does this mean that the stator of a 2 MW turbine must be rated for 2.8571?
Answer: No. In subsynchronous mode, the mechanical power from the generator shaft
is lower that that in the supersynchronous mode. If Pmech increases beyond a certain
level, then machine speed increases into the supersynchronous mode. So above
situation never occurs. We can obtain the maximum power in subsynchronous mode as:
Pmech Ps (1 s ) 1.5385(1 0.3) 1.0769MW
29
Question on sign of losses

Question: Since stator losses (3RSIs2) and rotor losses (3RrIr2) are always
positive, and since we get sign changes with the numerical values of P mech,
Ps, and (sometimes) Pr, do the loss terms in the above equation need to
have different signs for motor operation than for generator operation? That
is, do we need to do the following?
Motor operation: Pmech Ps Pr Ploss , s Ploss , r
Generator operation: Pmech Ps Pr Ploss , s Ploss , r
Answer: No. Our original equation applies for both motor & generator operation.
Remember: Pmech is positive for motor operation; Ps, and Pr are positive when
flowing into the device from the grid.
It may help to think about the equation in two different, but equivalent forms.
Motor operation:
Generator operation:

Output
Input
50 = 45 +10 - 3 - 2
P P P P P
s r mech loss , s loss ,r
Output
Input
- 50 = - 55 + 3 + 2
30
Per-unitization
In general, per-unitization enables inclusion of DFIGs within a system model.
It also facilitates identification of inappropriate data. Finally, a per-unitized
voltage provides the ability to know how far it is from its nominal value
(usually also the normal value) without knowing that nominal value.
The procedure is to choose three base quantities and compute other
necessary base quantities. We will choose our base quantities as
rated rms line-to-neutral stator voltage, Vbase=|Vs|rated (rms volts);
rated rms stator line current, Ibase=|Is|rated (rms amperes)
rated stator synchronous frequency, base= s,rated (rad/sec))
Then we compute:
Vbase
Base impedance:
Lbase
Base inductance:
Z
base
Base flux:
Justification : v
Three-phase
power base:
I base
Vbase
base
base
Base speed:
base
m,base
p
Base torque:
Sbase
Tbase
m,base
Vt
dt
t
Sbase 3 Vbase I base
base
I base
31
Per-unitization stator side

Once all base quantities are obtained, then per-unitization is easy:
Stator voltage in pu:
Stator current in pu:
Stator flux in pu:
Stator active power in pu:
Stator reactive power in pu:
Vs
V s , pu
Vbase
Is
I s , pu
I base
s
s , pu
base

*
s s
Re V I
P s , pu 3
Sbase
Q s , pu 3

*
s s
Im V I
Sbase
As usual, only the magnitude is transformed (angle remains unchanged).

32
Per-unitization rotor side

Rotor voltage in pu:
Rotor current in pu:
Rotor flux in pu:
Rotor active power in pu:
Rotor reactive power in pu:
Vr
V r , pu
Vbase
Ir
I r , pu
I base
r
r , pu
base

*
r r
For the rotor side, we

use the same base
quantities as on the
stator side (with
actual quantities
referred to the stator
side).
Re V I
P r , pu 3
Sbase
Q r , pu 3

*
r r
Im V I
Sbase

33
Per-unitization torque, speed,

R, L
Torque in pu:
Speed in pu:
Resistances in pu:
Inductance in pu:
Tem
Tem, pu
Tbase
m
m, pu
m,base
Rr
r pu
Z base
L
l pu
Lbase
On the rotor side, we

use the same base
quantities as on the
stator side (with
actual quantities
referred to the stator
side).
Note that the

resistances and
inductances when
expressed in pu are
lower case.

34
Voltage equations expressed in

per unit
From slides 15, 16, we obtain voltage equations for stator and rotor circuits:
V s I s Rs j s Ls I s I r j s Lm
V r I r Rr jss Lr I s I r jss Lm
which we rearrange by collecting terms in js:
V s I s Rs j s Ls I s I s I r Lm
V r I r Rr jss Lr I r I s I r Lm
From slide 20, we obtain the equations for stator and rotor flux linkages:
s Lm ( I s I r ) Ls I s
r Lm ( I s I r ) Lr I r
(*)
We recognize the flux linkage expressions in the voltage equations. Therefore:
V s I s Rs j s s
V r I r Rr jss r
Now we can replace voltages, currents, and flux linkages with the product of their
per-unit value and their base quantity, then the base quantities can be used to perunitize the resistances and frequency to obtain:
V s , pu I s , pu rs j s , pu
V r , pu I r , pu rr js r , pu
35
Voltage equations expressed in

per unit V I R js
V I R j
s
r r
Replace voltages, currents, flux linkages with the product of their pu value and
their base quantity, then base quantities are used to per-unitize resistances and
frequency to obtain:
Now consider the flux linkage equations:
s Ls I s Lm I r
r Lm I s Lr I r
s , pu ls I s , pu lm I r , pu
r , pu lm I s , pu lr I r , pu
Replace currents and flux linkages with the product of their pu value and their
base quantity, then base quantities are used to per-unitize inductances to obtain:
Per-unitize one of the torque equations (#2) Tem 3 p Im r I r

as follows:
*
*
S
3V I
3 p Im r I r
r
I r
*
Tbase base base base T
3
Im
3
Im
r , pu
em
,
pu
r
,
pu
m,base m,base / p
3 Vbase I base
Vbase / m ,base I base
m ,base / p
Per-unitize the power expressions to obtain:
Ps , pu Vs , pu I s , pu cos( v i );
Qs , pu Vs , pu I s , pu sin( v i )
Pr , pu Vr , pu I r , pu cos(v i );
Qr , pu Vr , pu I r , pu sin(v i )
36
Homework #3
Homework #3: This homework is due Monday, March 26.
A. Using previous relations provided in these slides, derive the following
torque expressions.

3 p Im , I
L
3p
Im ,
L L
1.
Tem 3 p Im s , I s
2.
Tem
3.
Tem
*
r
*
r
(and identify )
B. Use Q = 3Im{V I*} and the equivalent circuit to derive reactive power
expressions, in terms of Is and Ir for
1. The stator, Qs
2. The rotor, Qr
C. For each DFIG condition below, compute Pairgap and Pslip and draw the power
flows similar to slide 28.
1.Pmech=-1 MW with s=+0.30 (subsynchronous operation).
2.Pmech=-1MW with s=-0.30 (supersynchronous operation).
D. Complete the table on the next slide (the boxed section) by computing the
per-unit values of the indicated five resistances/inductances for the 2 MW
machine.
37
Homework
u (or a)
Rs
Ls
Lm
Rr
Lr
Rr
Lr
Ls
Lr
Vbase
Ibase
Rs
ls
lm
rr
lr
38
Phasor diagrams for generator

operation
We have developed the following
relations:
(1) Stator voltage equation
(2) Rotor voltage equation
s , pu Ls I s , pu Lm I r , pu
r , pu lm I s , pu lr I r , pu
(3) Stator winding flux equation
(4) Rotor winding flux equation

Draw phasor diagram per below (CCW rotation is pos angle):
Step 1: Draw Vs as reference (0).
Step 2: For gen, Qs>0, lag; for gen Qs<0, lead. Draw Is phasor.
s , pu j (V s , pu I s , pu rs )
Step 3: Use (1) to draw the stator flux phasor s:
I
s , pu / lm ls I s , pu / lm
Step 4: Use (3) to draw the rotor current phasor Ir: r , pu
lm I s , pu lr I r , pu
Step 5: Use (4) to draw the rotor flux phasor r: r , pu
Step 6: .
Vs - Isrs
I s rs
Vs
l m Is
Is
Ir=s/lm ls Is/lm
s/lm
ls Is/lm
r=lm Is+lr Ir
= -j(V I r )
l I
39
Phasor diagrams for generator

operation
Draw phasor diagram per below (CCW rotation is pos angle):
Step 1: Draw Vs as reference (0).
Step 2: For gen, Qs>0, lag; for gen, Qs<0, lead. Draw Is phasor.
s , pu j (V s , pu I s , pu rs )
Step 3: Use (1) to draw the stator flux phasor s:
I
s , pu / lm ls I s , pu / lm
Step 4: Use (3) to draw the rotor current phasor Ir: r , pu
lm I s , pu lr I r , pu
Step 5: Use (4) to draw the rotor flux phasor r: r , pu
V I r , pu rr js r , pu
Step 6: Use (2) to draw the rotor voltage phasor Vr: r , pu
Vr=Irrr+jsr, s<0
super-syn
l m Is
Is
Vr=Irrr+jsr, s>0
Irrr
Ir=s/lm ls Is/lm
jsr, s<0
s/lm
Observe that the angle of Vr is

heavily influenced by the sign of s.
jsr, s>0, sub-sync

Vs - Isrs
I s rs
Vs
ls Is/Lm
r=lm Is+Lr Ir
s= -j(Vs Isrs)
lr Ir
40
Question: How to know quadrant

of Is?
Consider the circuit below, which is analogous to our stator winding circuit.
At any operating condition, we may
I
characterize the circuit as an impedance
Machine
Z=R+jX=Z/_, as indicated. Then we may
express the current according to
Z
V
V
V
I I i

Z Z Z
R jX
Z
Observe that current angle is always

negative of impedance angle, i=-
Real
pwr
Reactive
pwr
P>0
motor
R>0
Q>0
absorbing
X>0
Real
pwr
Reactive
pwr
P>0
motor
R>0
Q<0
supplying
X<0
Real
pwr
Reactive
pwr
P<0
gen
R<0
Q>0
absorbing
X>0
Real
pwr
Reactive
pwr
Z
Lead
P<0
gen
R<0
Q<0
supplying
X<0
V
I
Lag
I
Lag
I
V
Z
Lead
41
Example Problem
The 2 MW DFIG given by the data on slide 38 is delivering, from the stator, rated
load (2 MW) at rated voltage with zero stator reactive power in a 50 Hz grid. The
slip is s=-0.25 (super-synchronous). Compute:
(h) Rotor real power
(d) Stator flux
(a) Synchronous speed
(e) Rotor current (i) Rotor reactive power
(j) Total real power generated
(b) Line-to-neutral voltage
(f) Rotor flux
(c) Line current
(g) Rotor voltage (k) Tem
(a) Synchronous speed: s 2f s 2 (50) 314.16 rad/sec
Alternatively, the synchronous speed was given as 1500 rpm, therefore:
1500rev 2rad min
s
157.08rad / sec s p s 2(157.08) 314.16rad / sec
min
rev 60 sec
690
0 398.40 volts
*
*
3
6
Ps
2 10
*
1673.4180 amps
P
j
0
3
V
I
(c) Line current: s

s
s s
3V
s
3 398.40
(b) Line-to-neutral voltage:
(d) Stator flux
Vs
V s I s Rs j s s
(V s I s Rs ) 398.40 (1673.4180)2.6 10 3
s
1.28 90webers
j s
j 314.16
42
Example Problem
(d) Stator flux
(f) Rotor flux
(c) Line current
s Ls I s Lm I r
s Ls I s 1.28 90 2.587 10 3 (1673.8180)
Ir
1807.4 16.5amps
3
Lm
2.5 10
(e) Rotor current
This is the referred rotor current!

We can obtain the actual rotor current from a (or u) =0.34:
I r a I r (0.34)1807.4 16.5 614.5 16.5amps This phasor is at the rotor
frequency, of
fr=sfs=-0.25(50)=-12.5 Hz
(f) Rotor flux L I L I
r
r 2.5 10 1673.8180 2.587 10 3 1807.4 16.5 1.358 77.4 weber

3
V r I r Rr jss r
V r (1807.4 16.5)2.9 10 3 j (0.25)(314.16)(1.358 77.4) 102.2 165.9volts
V r 102.2 165.9
Vr
300.6 165.9
Actual rotor voltage:
43
a
0.34
(g) Rotor voltage
Example Problem
(d) Stator flux
(f) Rotor flux
(c) Line current
(h) Rotor real power Pr 3 Re V r I r
Pr 3 Re 102.2 165.9 (1807.4 16.5)* 0.55 MW
(i) Rotor reactive power Qr 3 Im V r I r
Qr 3 Im 102.2 165.9 (1807.4 16.5)* 23.4kVAR

Comments:
Ps Pr 2 0.55 2.55MW 1.P must be larger in magnitude to supply losses

m
2. This wind turbines rating should be 2.55 MW.
3. The DFIG stator winding is rated for 2MW.
44
Example Problem
(d) Stator flux
(f) Rotor flux
(c) Line current
(k) Tem
Tem 3 p
Lm
*
Im s I r
Ls
2.5 10 3
*
Tem 3 2
Im
1
.
28
90
1807
.
4
16
.
5
12.9kNm
3
2.587 10
45
Wind turbine control levels

Rotor-side converter (RSC) is
controlled so that it provides
independent control of Tem
and Qs. Lets study the
steady-state actions of this
particular control function.
Level I: Regulates power flow

between grid and generator.
Level II: Controls the amount
of energy extracted from the
wind by wind turbine rotor.
Level III: Responds to windfarm or grid-central control
commands for MW dispatch,
voltage, frequency, or inertial
46
control.
Level 1 control
We achieve
control objectives
by controlling
rotor-side
voltage.
This (openloop) control

not heavily
used for DFIGs
Assume DC bus voltage is

controlled by grid-side
converter (GSC) to a predetermined value for
proper operation of both
GSC and RSC.
We control rotor
voltage to achieve a
specified torque and
stator reactive power.
47
Level 1 control
Our objective here is, for a fixed stator voltage (fixed by the grid), and a
desired torque Tem,ref and a desired stator reactive power Qs,ref, we want to
determine the rotor voltage to make it so. We are also interested in the
stator flux, stator current, rotor current, and rotor flux, and stator real
power, as shown in the diagram below.
48
Level 1 control
We draw the phasor diagram with stator flux as the reference (0 degrees). Here,
the stator flux, denoted by s (instead of s), is specified as the reference. We
have identified particular angles in this phasor diagram. It is operating as a
motor (current is almost in phase with voltage), and the stator is absorbing
reactive power (Is has a negative angle relative to Vs, so Zmotor=Vs/Is has a
positive angle, indicating it is inductive and therefore absorbing.
49
Level 1 control: Qs equation

V s I s Rs j s s
From voltage equation (slide 35):
If we neglect drop across the stator resistance (it is typically very small), then:
V s j s s
Substitute into the stator reactive power equation: Qs 3 Im V s I s 3 Im j s s I s
Use Im(ja)=Re(a): Qs 3 Re s s I s
From previous slide, note that i is the angle by which Is leads s , i.e.,
s s 0;
Substituting:
I s I s i
Qs 3 Re s s 0 I s i 3 s s I s Re i
3 s s I s Re cos i j sin i 3 s s I s cos i
Final equation for Qs: Qs 3 s s I s cos i
50
Level 1 control: Tem equation

From HW3 (see slide 37):
T 3 p Im , I
em
*
s
Again (from phasor diagram), note that i is the angle by which Is leads s , i.e.,
s s 0;
Substituting:
I s I s i
Tem 3 p Im s 0 I s i 3 ps I s Im i
3 ps I s Im cos i j sin i 3 ps I s sin i
Final torque equation:
Tem 3 ps I s sin i
51
Level 1 control: Is equation

From phasor diagram:
I s I s cos i jI s sin i
But recall our Qs and Tem equations:
Qs 3 s s I s cos i
Qs
I s cos i
3 s s
Tem 3 ps I s sin i
I s sin i
Tem
3 ps
Substituting into Is equation:
Is
Qs
T
j em
3s s
3 ps
V s j s s Vs s s
Q
T
Substituting into Is equation: I s s j s em
3Vs
3 pVs
Recall from slide 50:
52
Level 1 control: r equation

From slide 20:
L
1
s m r
Ls
Ls Lr
L
1
I r m s
r
Ls Lr
Lr
Is
s Ls I s Lm I r
r Lm I s Lr I r
L2m
1
Ls Lr
Using these relations, together with:
Qs
sTem
Is
j
3Vs
3 pVs
V s j s s
we may derive:
Vs Lr Qs Ls Lr
sTem Ls Lr
r
L
3
V
L
3
pV
L
s
m
s
m
s m
Vs 1 Qs Ls
sTem Ls
L
3
V
L
3
pV
L
s
m
s
m
s m
Ir
53
Level 1 control: r equation

Now use the rotor flux equation derived on the previous slide
together with the rotor voltage equation (slide 35):
Vs Lr Qs Ls Lr
sTem Ls Lr
L
3
V
L
3
pV
L
s
m
s
m
s
m
V r I r Rr jss r
Neglecting the voltage drop in the rotor resistance, we may derive:
sTem Ls Lr
Vs Lr Qs Ls Lr
3
pV
L
L
3
V
L
s
m
s
m
s m
V r r
54
Qs
3Vs
Vs
r
s
V
Ir s
s
Is
Level 1 control: summary
sTem
3 pVs
sTem Ls Lr
Lr Qs Ls Lr
Lm 3Vs Lm
3
pV
L
s
m
sTem Ls
1 Qs Ls
Lm 3Vs Lm
3
pV
L
s
m
Vs
s
sTem Ls Lr
Vs Lr Qs Ls Lr
3
pV
L
L
3
V
L
s
m
s
m
s m
V r r
Also, we have stator and rotor powers as a function of T em:
Ps
s
r
Tem Pr
Tem
p
p
55
Level 1 control: magnitudes
Magnitudes
are attractive
because then we can plot them.
2
2
Q
T
f Is (Vs , Qs , Tem )
I s2 s s em
3Vs
3 pVs
Vs
2
r
s
V
s s
s
V
I r2 s
s
Lr Qs Ls Lr
Lm 3Vs Lm
Q L
1
s s
Lm 3Vs Lm
T Ls Lr
Vr2 r2 s em
3
pV
L
s
m
Pr
r
Tem
p
sTem Ls Lr
3
pV
L
s
m
f r (Vs , Qs , Tem )
f s (Vs )
T L
s em s
3 pVs Lm
2
V L
Q Ls Lr
r2 s r s
L
3
V
L
s
m
s m
f Ir (Vs , Qs , Tem )
2
fVr (Vs , Qs , Tem , r )

f Pr (Tem , r )
And this shows that these terms are functions of our desired reference quantities.
The above relations are given as a function of r, but it may be more intuitive
to plot them as a function of rotor speed, m, where we can compute
r =sm/(1-s). You can think of the rotor speed as m=(1-s) s which shows
that for low positive slips, rotor speed is just below synchronous speed, and
56
Level 1 control
Q
I s2 s
3Vs
Fixed Qs=0
T
s em
3 pVs
Fixed Tem=-1
Is is independent of m but increases with |Tem| and with |Qs|

Is is the same independent of whether machine is absorbing or supplying vars.
Above equation indicates Is should be the same for Tem=1, Tem=-1. However,
above equation neglected stator resistance Rs. Assuming fixed Vs, in motor
mode (Tem=1), Rs causes voltage across rotor circuit to be less, and so Ir must
be greater to deliver same torque. In gen mode, Rs causes voltage across
57
Level 1 control
V 1
Q L
I r2 s
s s
s Lm 3Vs Lm
Fixed torque implies fixed rotor
current if stator flux is fixed.
Tem 3 p
Lm
*
Im s I r
Ls
T L
s em s
3 pVs Lm
Because Tem=Pmechp/m, Pmech

must decrease as m increases.
Fixed Tem=-1
Ir is independent of m for fixed torque but increases as Qs moves from + (absorbing)
to (supplying).
58
Level 1 control
Both rotor current and stator current equations have real part determined by Q s
and imaginary part determined by Tem (Vs is at 90 so real part of currents is in
quadrature with Vs)
Qs
sTem
Is
j
3Vs
3 pVs
Add them to
obtain
magnetizing
current
Vs 1 Qs Ls
sTem Ls
L
3
V
L
3
pV
L
s
m
s
m
s m
Ir
Qs
sTem Vs 1 Qs Ls
Im Is Ir
j

3Vs
3 pVs s Lm 3Vs Lm
Qs Vs 1 Qs Ls
sTem sTem Ls
3
V
L
3
V
L
3
pV
3
pV
L
s
m
s
m
s
s
m
s
Magnetizing component.
Qs=0 (no stator reactive power):
Very close to zero since Ls~Lm.
Vs 1
L
s m
0<Qs<3Vs2/Lss (reactive power into stator, abs)

Qs=3Vs2/Lss (reactive power into stator, abs)
Qs<0 (reactive power from stator, sup):
sTem Ls
j
3
pV
L
s
m
Qs
3Vs
Magnetized from rotor current

Magnetized from both currents.
Magnetized from stator current.
Magnetized from both currents.
59
Level 1 control
Pr
r
Tem
p
Fixed Qs=0
Fixed Tem=-1
Pr linearly decreases w/ m for Tem (gen) and linearly increases w/ m for +Tem(mot).
Pr is independent of whether machine is absorbing or supplying vars.
Remember: m=(1-s)s,
r=ss.
60
Level 1 control
T Ls Lr
Vr2 r2 s em
3
pV
L
s
m
V L
Q Ls Lr
r2 s r s
L
3
V
L
s
m
s m
Fixed Qs=0
Fixed Tem=-1
Vr is linearly decreasing with m to m=s and then linearly increasing with m.

Vr depends mainly on speed of machine.
Vr does not change much with Tem or with Qs because VsLr/sLm tends to dominate.
Remember: m=(1-s)s,
r=ss.
61
Level 1 control
Fixed Qs=0
Fixed Tem=-1
Efficiency increases with m under all conditions (see next slide):

In the subsynchronous mode, stator windings carry |Pmech|+|Pr|.
In the supersynchronous mode, stator windings carry |Pmech|-|Pr|.
Efficiency decreases as |Qs| increases (most efficient for unity power factor).
More efficient when absorbing (magnetized from stator) than supplying
(magnetized from rotor)
62
Generator modes
Mode 2
Pm= Pmech
m s
Mode 3
m s
63
Representing RSC with impedance

It can be convenient in analyzing the steady-state performance of the DFIG to
represent the RSC as an equivalent impedance, as indicated in the below figure.
We can follow our earlier development (see slide 9), but with our RSC
equivalent impedance represented:
Rr
Rs
jssLr
Is
jsLs
Ir
3
3
3
3
Es
Vs
3
3
Req
3
3 Ers=sEs
Vr
In slide 9:
V r s E s ( Rr jss Lr ) I r
Now:
I r ( Req jss Leq ) s E s ( Rr js s Lr ) I r

Divide by s
Divide by s
Vr
R
E s ( r j s Lr ) I r
s
s
3 jrLeq
3
=jss Leq
I r ( Req js s Leq )
s
Ir(
Req
s
Es (
Rr
j s Lr ) I r
s
j s Leq ) E s (
Rr
js Lr ) I r
s
64

Is
Rs
jsLs
Rr/s
Ir
3
3
3
3
Vs
jsLr
Req/s
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Equivalent RSC impedance is:

Represent it in the circuit with:
Vr/s
3 js Leq
3
Z eq Req jr Leq
Z eq Req jr Leq Req
js Leq
s
s
s
s
Lets assume the DFIG operates at unity power factor. Then Qs=0, and for Vs=Vs/_0,
Pairgap Ps Ploss , s 3 Vs I s Rs I s2 3 Vs Rs I s I s
Question: Do we need to specify motor or generator operation in the above equation?
Answer: Not for the relation Pairgap= Ps-Ploss,s (see slide 30). For motor op, Ps>0 and
losses subtract so that Pairgap is smaller than Ps, consistent with the fact that power
flows from stator to rotor. For gen op, Ps<0 and losses add so that Pairgap is larger than
Ps, consistent with the fact that power flows from rotor to stator.
However, the relation on the right assumes that Is is a magnitude (positive), and so it
is correct for motor op. For gen op, we must use a negative magnitude to get the sign
of VsIs correct. We could correct this by writing the RHS as VsIs-RsIs2= (Vs-RsIs)Is, i.e.
65
use phasor notation for the current instead of just magnitude.

Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
Vm
Ir
3
3
3
3
Vs
Rr/s
Req/s
3
3 jsLm
Vr/s
3 js Leq
3
Pairgap Ps Ploss , s 3 Vs Rs I s I s
p
s
T
Tem
From slide 25, we know for the model (with losses) that em
airgap
airgap
s
p
Equating the two airgap expressions: s Tem 3 Vs Rs I s I s

p
s
2
R
I
V
I
Tem 0
Rewriting, we find a quadratic in Is:
s s
s s
3p
4R
Obtain roots:
Vs Vs2 s s Tem
Could be positive (motor) or
3p
negative (generator)
Is
2 Rs
With stator current calculated, we can use the circuit to find Vr and Ir.
66

Rs
Is
jsLs
Rr/s
jsLr
Ir
3
3
3
3
Im
Req/s
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Vs
Vr/s
V m V s I s Rs j s Ls
From KVL we can compute Vm:
Im
Then compute the magnetizing current Im:

Then compute the rotor current Ir:
Rr
j s Lr
s
Rr
j s Lr
s
V s I s Rs j s Ls I r
Rr
j s Lr
s
Ir
V m Ir
V /s
Z eq / s
j s Leq r
s
Ir
V s I s Rs js Ls
Is
j s Lm
V r / s V m Ir
We can now obtain Zeq/s or Zeq:

Req
(Xeq= rLeq)
Vm
V I s Rs j s Ls
s
j s Lm
j s Lm
Ir Im Is
Then compute the rotor voltage Vr:
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
Z eq Req js s Leq
where Ir is computed from above relations.
V r sV m I r Rr js s Lr
I r
Ir
67

Tem 3 p
Lm
*
Im s I r
Ls
Tem is increasing here.
Req<0converter
transfers active
power to rotor.
Req>0rotor
delivers active
power to the
converter.
68
Homework #4
Consider a 1.5 MW, 690 v, 50 Hz 1750 rpm DFIG wind energy system. The
parameters of the generator are given on the next slide. The generator operates
with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system so that its mechanical
torque Tem is proportional to the square of the rotor speed. The stator power factor
is unity. For each of the following speeds: 1750, 1650, 1500, 1350, and 1200 rpm,
compute:
Slip
Tem (kN-m)
Vr (volts)
Ir (amps)
Req (ohms)
Xeq (ohms)
What kind of machine is this at 1500 rpm?
69
Homework #4
70
Homework #4
Converter equivalent impedance at 1500 rpm:
1500rev 2rad min

157.0796rad / sec
min
rev 60 sec
m p m 2 *157.0796 314.1592rad / sec

f m m / 2 314.1592 / 2 50 Hz
So 1500 rpm is synchronous speed!
71
Homework #4
There is another solution which has very
large current and is clearly not realistic.
Be careful here because this

solution assumed the direction of
current Ir opposite to what we
have assumed.
Observe that slip=0. This implies that a DC current flows through the rotor circuit
from the converter and the rotor leakage reactance and equivalent reactance are
zero. The DFIG is operating like a synchronous machine where the rotor flux is
produced by a DC current through a DC exciter.
72
SCIG Torque-slip characteristic
You may recall, from EE 303 or your undergraduate course on electric machines that
the torque-slip characteristic of the squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG) appears
as below. One observes that the SCIG operates as a generator only when it is in
supersynchronous mode and a motor only when it is in subsynchronous mode.
Motoring
Generating
Subsynchronous
Supersynchronous
Lets see how we obtain this curve for SCIG, and lets also compare what
we do to what we need to do to obtain the analogous curves for the DFIG.
73
Comparison of equivalent circuits:

SCIG vs DFIG
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
Rr/s
Ir
3
3
3
3
Im
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Vs
SCIG
The difference between the machines in terms of steady-state models is
the ability to electrically absorb or supply complex power S via the rotor.
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
Rr/s
Ir
3
3
3
3
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Req/s
Vr/s
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
DFIG
Where do we see rotor losses in these circuits? (next slide)
(Xeq= rLeq)
74

SCIG vs DFIG
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Im
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Vs
SCIG
Split up the R/s terms in each circuit as R+R(1-s)/s
and the rotor losses become immediately apparent.
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm
DFIG
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
(Xeq= rLeq)
Where do we see mechanical power in these circuits? (next slide)
75

SCIG vs DFIG
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Im
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Vs
SCIG
The mechanical power is represented
by the slip-dependent resistances.
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm
DFIG
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
(Xeq= rLeq)
But what do the other two terms in the DFIG circuit represent? (next slide)
76

SCIG vs DFIG
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm
SCIG
These terms represent the real and reactive power exchange between the rotor
and the RSC. As we saw on slide 68, these terms, Req and Xeq can be pos (rotor
transfers power to RSC) or neg (RSC transfers power to rotor).
Rr
Rs
Is
jsLs
jsLr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm
DFIG
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
(Xeq= rLeq)
How to compute torque in for these machines? (next two slides)
77

SCIG vs DFIG
78
Torque equation for SCIG

Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Im
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Vs
SCIG
Rr (1 s ) Note that the s on the denominator provides

that Pmech is positive for s>0, motor action, and
Pmech 3I
s
negative for s<0, generator action.
1
p
p 2 Rr (1 s )
Tem
Pmech
Pmech 3
Ir
m
m
m
s
2
r
p
p 2 Rr
2 Rr (1 s )
3
Ir
3 Ir
s (1 s)
s
s
s
How to obtain Ir? . (next slide)
79
Torque equation for SCIG

Zs=Rs+jXs
Is
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Im
Vm 3
3 Zm=jsLm
Vs
Find Thevenin looking in here.

Zth
Is
jsLr
Rr
Vth V s
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
Zm
Zs Zm
Z th
Zs Zm
Zs Zm
3
3
3
3
Comment: Zm>>ZS, so
VthVs, Zth=Zs is not a
bad approximation.
Vth
Tem 3
3 pVth Rr / s s
p 2 Rr
Ir
s
s
R
2
Rth r X th X r
s
Ir
V th
Z th ( Rr / s ) jX r
80
SCIG Torque-slip characteristic
You may recall, from EE 303 or your undergraduate course on electric machines that
the torque-slip characteristic of the squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG) appears
as below. One observes that the SCIG operates as a generator only when it is in
supersynchronous mode and a motor only when it is in subsynchronous mode.
Motoring
Generating
Subsynchronous
Supersynchronous
Now lets take a look at the torque-speed curves for the DFIG. (next slide)
81
Torque equation for DFIG

Rs
Is
jsLs
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Vs
Pmech
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
( Rr Req )(1 s )
3I
s
2
r
1
p
p 2 ( Rr Req )(1 s )
Tem
Pmech
Pmech 3
I r
m
m
m
s
( Rr Req )(1 s )
p
p 2 Rr Req
2
3 I r
3
I r
s (1 s )
s
s
s
How to obtain Ir? . (next slide)
82

SCIG
vs
DFIG
R
R
I
j L
j L
I R (1-s)/s
s
s s
s r
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vm 3
3 Zm=jsLm
Vs
Vr/s
Vth V s
Find Thevenin looking in here.

Is
Zth
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Vr/s
3 pVth2 ( Rr Req ) / s s
Rth
Rr Req
s
X th X r eq
s
Zm
ZZ
Z th s m
Zs Zm
Zs Zm
Comment: Zm>>ZS, so
VthVs, Zth=Zs is not a
bad approximation.
Req(1-s)/s
Vth
p R Req

Tem 3 I r2 r
s
s

Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
Ir
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
V th
Z th ( Rr Req ) / s j ( X r X eq / s )
83
Torque-slip characteristic for DFIG

So how do we obtain the torque-slip characteristic for the DFIG?
1. Develop values of Zeq for various values of torque-speed control point (slides 66-67):
4 Rss
Tem
3p
2 Rs
V m V s I s Rs js Ls
Vs Vs2
Is
V I s Rs j s Ls
Ir Im Is s
Is
j s Lm
Z eq Req js s Leq
V r sV m I r Rr js s Lr
I r
Ir
Aside: The above points result from the turbine control characteristic. This characteristic
originates from the maximum power extracted from the wind, which is given by the power
curve, described by Pmech~m3. But Pmech=Temm therefore Tem~ m2.
2. For each value of Zeq, express Tem as a function of s (or m= s(1-s)) for various
values of s. torque-speed control point (slides 66-67):
3 pVth2 ( Rr Req ) / s s
p R Req

Tem 3 I r2 r
s
s

Rth
Rr Req
s
X eq
X th X r
84
Torque-slip characteristic for DFIG
The sign of Req and Xeq

are for rotor current
direction defined out of
the rotor. These signs
reverse for rotor current
direction into the rotor
as we have done.
85
Efficiency
Consider our HW assignment, at a speed of 1750 rpm and unity power factor.
Compute the efficiency of the DFIG.
Is
Rs
jsLs
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Vs
jsLr
Im
Vm 3
3 Zm=jsLm
Req(1-s)/s
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
At 1750, the slip is s=(1500-1750)/1500=-0.1667

From your homework, you should compute that Is=1068.2 amperes
Ir=1125.6 amperes, Req=0.05375 ohms, Xeq=0.02751 ohms.
The mechanical power supplied to the generator
Pmech 3I r2 ( Req Rr )(1 s ) / s
3(1125 .6) 2 (0.05375 0.00263)(1 0.01667) /(0.1667)
1500kW
86
Efficiency
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
3
3
3
3
Vs
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
Im
Vm 3
3 Zm=jsLm
Req(1-s)/s
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3

Ir=1125.6 amperes, Req=-0.05375 ohms, Xeq=-0.02751 ohms.
The rotor power is
Pr 3I r2 Req
3(1125 .6) 2 (0.05375)
204.29kW
This power is negative (because Req is negative); it is supersynchronous, therefore it

is flowing out of the rotor to the RSC.
87
Efficiency
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
3
3
3
3
Im
Vm 3
3 Zm=jsLm
Vs
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
Req(1-s)/s
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3

The rotor and stator winding losses are
Plosses ,r 3I r2 Rr
Plosses ,s 3I s2 Rs
3(1125 .6) 2 (0.00263)

10.0kW
3(1068.2) 2 (0.00265)
9.07 kW
88
Efficiency
Is
Rs
jsLs
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Vs
jsLr
Im
Vm 3
3 Zm=jsLm
Req(1-s)/s
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3

The stator active power is
Ps 3Vs I s cos s
690
1068.2 cos(180) 1276.64kW
3
89
Efficiency
Is
Rs
jsLs
jsLr
3
3
3
3
Vs
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
Im
Vm 3
3 Zm=jsLm
Req(1-s)/s
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3

The total power delivered to the grid is
Pg | Ps | | Pr | 1276.64 204.29 1480.93
The difference between Pm and Pg is the losses on the stator and rotor windings:
| Pm | | Pg | Plosses ,r Plosses , s 1500 1480.93 19.07
Efficiency is:
Pg
Pm
1480.93
98.7%
1500
90
DFIG for non-unity power factor

FERC 661-A [1] specifies that large wind farms must maintain a power factor within the
range of 0.95 leading to 0.95 lagging, measured at the POI as defined in the Large
Generator Interconnect Agreement (LGIA) if the Transmission Provider shows, in the
system impact study that they are needed to ensure the safety or reliability of the
transmission system..
[1] Order for Wind Energy, Order No. 661-A, 18 CFR Part 35 (December 12, 2005). See also Interconnection for Wind Energy,
Order No. 661, 70 FR 34993 (June 16, 2005), FERC Stats. & Regs. 31,186 (2005) (Final Rule); see also Order Granting
Extension of Effective Date and Extending Compliance Date, 70 FR 47093 (Aug. 12, 2005), 112 FERC 61,173 (2005).
The Electrical System Operator (IESO) of Ontario essentially requires reactive power
capabilities for large wind farms that are equivalent to that for synchronous generators,
taking into consideration an equivalent impedance between the generator terminals and
the POI [2]. The requirements include: Supplying full active power continuously while
operating at a generator terminal voltage ranging from 0.95 pu to 1.05 pu of the
generators rated terminal voltage.
The Alberta Electric System Operators requirements [4] include: The wind farms
continuous reactive capability shall meet or exceed 0.9 power factor (pf) lagging to 0.95
pf leading at the collector bus based on the wind farm aggregated MW output.
E. Camm and C. Edwards, Reactive Compensation Systems for Large Wind Farms, IEEE Transmission and Distribution
Conference and Exposition, 2008.
91
E. Camm and C. Edwards, Reactive Compensation

Systems for Large Wind Farms, IEEE Transmission
and Distribution Conference and Exposition, 2008.
92

Along with the evolution of wind turbine technology, technical standards of wind
generation interconnections become more restrictive. For example, unity power factor
has been required for wind generation interconnections in many utilities or control areas
in earlier years. Recently, the more restrict requirement with 0.95 lead and lag power
factor has been under discussion since the DFIG and full converter wind turbine
technology has become mainstream of wind generation interconnection requests.
I. Green and Y. Zhang, California ISO experience with wind farm
modeling, IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011.
93

Rs
Is
jsLs
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
Define: as power factor angle: -180<<180

Ps
Ps 3Vs I s cos I s
3Vs cos
Identify the current phasor as
Ps is negative for gen; then cos is also negative;

Ps is positive for motor; then cos is also positive;
so Is is always positive.
I s I s (cos j sin )
Ps
P
sin
(cos j sin ) s (1 j
)
Therefore: I s
3Vs cos
3Vs
cos
Recalling sin 2 cos 2 1 sin 1 cos 2 , we may write

1 cos 2
Ps
Is
(1 j
)
3Vs
cos
We have just made the numerator

positive for all values of .
94

Rs
Is
jsLs
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
1 cos 2
Ps
Is
(1 j
)
3Vs
cos
The sign of Ps determines the sign of the real part of the current.
Ps is negative if machine is in generating mode (supplying real power).
In this case, cos is negative because is in quadrant 2 or 3.
If machine is supplying Q, then sign of Qs should be negative, sign of Im{Is*} should
be negative, and therefore sign of Im{Is} should be positive. Given cos is negative:
1 cos 2
Ps
Is
(1 j
)
3Vs
cos
If machine is absorbing Q, then sign of Qs should be positive, sign of Im{Is*} should

be positive, and therefore sign of Im{Is} should be negative. Given cos is negative:
1 cos 2
Ps
Is
(1 j
)
3Vs
cos
95

Rs
Is
jsLs
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Vs
Define the magnetizing current factor:

From the circuit, KCL requires:
Vr/s
Km
Ir Im Is
Im
I s ,rated
But the magnetizing current is entirely imaginary: I m
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
I m K m I s ,rated
jI m or I m jK m I s ,rated
Substitution of the Im expression into the rotor current expression yields:
I r jK m I s ,rated I s
1 cos 2
Ps
(1 j
) . Substituting into I :
If the machine is absorbing Q, then I s
r
3Vs
cos
I r jK m I s ,rated
1 cos 2
Ps
(1 j
)
3Vs
cos
96

Rs
Is
jsLs
Rr
jsLr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm
I r jK m I s ,rated
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
1 cos 2
Ps
(1 j
)
3Vs
cos
Assume the machine is operated at rated power, Ps,rated, and recall
I r jK m I s ,rated
Ps ,rated
1 cos 2
(1 j
)
cos
P
3Vs
Ps
s , rated
Recall from slide 94: I s 3V cos I s ,rated 3V cos
s
s
and the substitute into previous expression :
Ps ,rated
Ps ,rated
1 cos 2
I r jK m
(1 j
)
3Vs cos
3Vs
cos
Factor out the Ps,rated/3Vs.(next slide):
97

Rs
Is
jsLs
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Vr/s
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
Ps ,rated
Ps ,rated
1 cos 2
I r jK m
(1 j
)
3Vs cos
3Vs
cos
Factor out the -Ps,rated/3Vs
Combine terms with j
Simplify
Ps ,rated jK m
1 cos 2
Ir
(1 j
)
3Vs cos
cos
Ps ,rated
2
K

1
cos
m

1 j
Ir
cos

3Vs
cos
K 1 cos 2
Ps ,rated

1 j m
Ir

3Vs
cos
98

Rs
Is
jsLs
jsLr
Rr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm
So this is for absorbing

(underexcited operation)
If we repeat the exercise for
supplying (overexcited operation),
we will obtain this:
Vr/s
Ir
Ir
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
Ps ,rated
K 1 cos 2
1 j m
cos
3Vs
K 1 cos 2
1 j m
cos
Ps ,rated
3Vs
The difference in sign on the square root term indicates higher rotor current is required
for overexcited operation than for underexcited operation. No big surprise there!
And so the rotor winding should be rated for the overexcited operation, at
rated stator active power output. This would be. (next slide)
99

Rs
Is
jsLs
Rr
jsLr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Rotor current for rated stator

active power and reactive power
generation
Vr/s
Ir
K rs
Ir
I s ,rated
K 1 cos 2
1 m
cos
Ps ,rated
3Vs
It is interesting to see the relative magnitude

between Ir and Is. Again, from slide 94:
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
Is
K 1 cos
3Vs cos Ps ,rated
1 m
Ps ,rated
3Vs
cos
P
Ps
I s ,rated s ,rated
3Vs cos
3Vs cos
2
K 1 cos 2
K rs cos 1 m
cos
100

Rs
Is
jsLs
Rr
jsLr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm

active power and reactive power
generation
active power and stator unity
power factor
Ratio of rotor current required for
a given stator power factor when
supplying Q and that required for
unity stator power factor, all at
rated stator active power
Vr/s
Ir
Ps ,rated
3Vs
pf 1.0
r
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
K 1 cos 2
1 m
cos
Ps ,rated
3Vs
I rpf 1.0
1 K m2
K 1 cos
1 m
cos
1 K m2
2
Ir
101

Rs
Is
jsLs
Rr
jsLr
Ir Rr(1-s)/s
3
3
3
3
Req(1-s)/s
Im
Vs
Vm 3
3 jsLm
Krs factor for a given stator power

factor at rated stator active power.
Vr/s
K 1 cos 2
K rs cos 1 m
cos
K rspf 1.0 1 K m2
Krs factor for unity stator power

Ratio of Krs factor for a given
power factor to Krs factor for unity
power factor, for rated stator
active power.
Req
3 js Leq=jXeq/s
3
K 1 cos
1 m
cos
cos
1 K m2
2
K rs
K rspf 1.0
102

I
Krs factor for a given stator power
K rs r
I s ,rated
Km
Im
I s ,rated
K 1 cos 2
cos 1 m
cos
I m K m I s ,rated
The prime notation on the Krs

at the top of the graph
indicates the values have been
referred to the rotor for an
a of about 0.3.
103

Ratio of Krs factor for a given
power factor to Krs factor for unity
power factor, for rated stator
active power.
K rs
104
Ir
I s ,rated
K 1 cos
1 m
cos
cos
1 K m2
2
K rs
K rspf 1.0

DFIG SteadyState

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DFIG SteadyState

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Double-fed electric machines

steady state analysis

Rotor is wound: it has 3 windings.

Balanced voltages applied to stator windings provides a

We can manipulate to get:

m< s r>0s>0Subsynchronous operation

V s =stator voltage with frequency fs

X s =stator leakage reactance

V r =rotor voltage with frequency fr

The ratio Ks/Kr is normally very close to 1, therefore

Define the effective turns ratio: a

Define the induced rotor voltage referred to the stator side:

At a locked rotor condition (s=1), the device is simply a static transformer,

Rotor quantities are referred

This is locked rotor condition

We can account for other

Now write the rotor-side voltage equation (referred to stator):

and we get the following circuit:

The voltage on both sides

Rr Rr sRr sRr sRr Rr sRr

Change the circuit accordingly.

Pmech Ps Pr Ploss , s Ploss ,r

Rotor current (Ir) direction is out of positive side

If Pmech>0the machine is delivering power through the shaft: MOTOR!

A second (equivalent) torque

Substitute Vs into Ps: Ps 3 Re V s I s 3 Re I s Rs j s Ls I s I r j s Lm I s

The middle two terms are purely imaginary, therefore:

A second (equivalent) torque

The middle two terms are purely imaginary, therefore:

A second (equivalent) torque

Pmech Ps Pr Ploss , s Ploss ,r

Pmech 3Rs I s2 3 Re j s Lm I r I s 3Rr I r2 3 Re js s Lm I s I r Ploss , s Ploss ,r

A second (equivalent) torque

Two equivalent torque

Torque expression #1: Need rotor

Torque expression #2: Need stator

A third set of equivalent torque expressions follow.

Additional equivalent torque

From stator winding equation:

From rotor winding equation:

substitute into torque expression #2.

Additional equivalent torque

From stator winding equation:

From rotor winding equation:

Substitute into torque expression #2.

Using rotor winding equation:

Airgap and slip power

Subtracting losses from both sides, we obtain:

This quantity is the power that flows

This quantity is the power that is

Use Im(a*) = -Im(a) on slip expression:

The term 3Im{} in the slip power expression is Pairgap. Therefore:

Airgap and slip power

Our power balance relation states:

Pmech Ps Pr Ploss , s Ploss ,r Ps Ploss ,s Pr Ploss ,r

Substituting Pslip sPairgap

we obtain Pmech Pairgap sPairgap 1 s Pairgap

Approximate relations between

If we neglect the stator losses (3RSIs2) and rotor losses (3RrIr2):

Use Im(a*) = - Im(a) on the rotor power expression

The term 3Im{} in the rotor power expression is PS. Therefore:

Pmech Ps Pr Ploss , s Ploss ,r

Substituting Pr expression: Pmech Ps sPs (1 s ) Ps

Active power relations - summary