Guest Speakers:

Jack See Yi Shyang

Joanne Chong
Valerie Ong Yi Hui

Moderator:
Mohd Wafiy Akmal bin Ahmad
Khadri

 Erik Erikson (1902 1994) is a neo-Freudian theorist

Follows to some of Freuds ideas, but focuses more on
social influences.
Focus on Crisis Resolution on psychosocial stages
At each stage a crisis must be resolved
If the crisis is not resolved, the individual may lack the
positive characteristic in the stage.
There are eight stages over a lifespan showing the
development.
Shows impact of social experiences across ones whole
lifespan.

8 - Integrity vs. despair

7 - Generativity vs. stagnation
6 - Intimacy vs. isolation
5 - Identity vs. role confusion
4 - Industry vs. inferiority
3 - Initiative vs. guilt
2 - Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
1 - Trust vs. mistrust

During this stage the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live.

To resolve these feelings of uncertainty the infant looks towards their primary caregiver for
stability and consistency of care.

If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and reliable, they will develop a sense
of trust which will carry with them to other relationships, and they will be able to feel secure
even when threatened.

Success in this stage will lead to the virtue ofhope.

By developing a sense of trust, the infant can have hope that as new crises arise, there is a
real possibility that other people will be there are a source of support.

Failing to acquire the virtue of hope will lead to the development of fear.

This infant will carry the basic sense of mistrust with them to other relationships.

It may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an over feeling of mistrust in the world
around them.

 Children begin to assert their independence by walking away from their mother.

The child is discovering that he or she has many skills and abilities, such as putting
on clothes and shoes, playing with toys, etc.

Such skills illustrate the child's growing sense of independence and autonomy.

Erikson states it is critical that parents allow their children to explore the limits of
their abilities within an encouraging environment which is tolerant of failure.

 Parent should have the patience to allow the child to try until they succeed or ask
for assistance and at the same time protecting the child so that constant failure is
avoided and must not criticize their child for failures and accidents (particularly
when toilet training).

The aim has to be self control without a loss of self-esteem (Gross, 1992).
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue ofwill and increased independence,
they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the
world.

If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert
themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive and may then
become overly dependent upon others,lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of
shame or doubt in their own abilities.

 The play age and have basic virtue purpose (*Rapid years in a childs
life)
Children
Criticism or control, children develop a
playing & interacting with
other children
Explore interpersonal skills through
initiating activities
Develop a sense of initiative
Feel secure in their ability to lead
others & make decisions

sense of guilt
Feel like a nuisance to others
Followers, lacking in self-initiative
Slow to interact with others
May inhibit their creativity

*School age (6-12) *Basic virtue Competency *Learn

skills

Feel industrious & confident in

Feel inferior & doubting own

their ability to achieve goals if

abilities, which may lead them

theyre encouraged &

not reaching their potential if

reinforced

the initiative is discouraged

 Developing SENSE OF SELF & PERSONAL

IDENTITY.
Key Questions : WHO AM I & WHERE AM I
GOING?
Two identities are involved : SEXUAL &
OCCUPATIONAL.
Significant Relations : PEER GROUPS; ROLE
MODELS
EXAMPLES :
End Stage : REINTEGRATED SENSE
OF SELF
What One wants to do or to be. (Occupational)
Ones appropriate sex role. (Sexual)

 To form CLOSE RELATIONSHIP; to gain CAPACITY FOR

INTIMATE LOVE.
Key Questions : AM I LOVE & WANTED?
Significant Relations : PATRNERS & FRIENDS
Success leads to
Comfortable relationships
A sense of commitment & Safety
Caring
Failure leads to
Avoiding intimacy, commitment & relationship
Isolation
Loneliness
Depression
EXAMPLES :

 Basic strength : CARE

- Broad concern for others
- Need to teach others
People rear children
Focus on occupational achievement / doing
creative work, giving service to an
organization
IMPORTANTLY train the next generation
Turn outward from the self towards others
If contradict?
Can become self-centered, and stagnant
Stagnation involves not seeking channels
for generativity

 Basic strength WISDOM

Person conduct a life review
Understand the meaning of temporary life.
Develops self-acceptance and integrates
earlier stages
Acceptance of ones life in preparation for
facing death in order to avoid a sense of
despair
If contradict?
Complains about regrets, not having
enough time, and not finding a meaning
throughout life.
Questions ones overview of their entire life.