IMPORTANCE OF NDT IN DESIGNING

OF ANY MINI OR MEGA STRUCTURE

Muhammad Ans
Department of Mechenical Engineering
CIIT Sahiwal
G.T Road Sahiwal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Testing
2

Testing comprise all the techniquesof materials or

products under different types of loadings. This way,
the reliability of product to end user is assured and
the process of material selection is done with a lot
of ease.
Testing can be classified in two main categories
depending upon destruction of products as
Destructive Testing
Non-Destructive Testing
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Destructive Testing
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These comprises all those techniques which are highly regulated

on some standard in which specimen is broken/destructed.
Major destructive testing used these days are

Tensile Testing

Impact Testing

Burst Testing

Fatigue Testing

Creep Testing
Department of Mechanical Engineering

NDT:
4

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis

techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the
properties of a material, component or system without causing
damage.

Another terms for NDT is NDE

Highly valuable technique that can save both money and time in
product evaluation.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Why NDT IS USED:

5

Accident prevention and to reduce costs

To improve product reliability

To determine acceptance to a given requirement

To quick information on repair criteria.

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NDT METHODS:
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Visual Inspection

Acoustic Emission

Eddy Current

Liquid Penetrant

X-Ray/ Radiography

Magnetic method
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Visual inspection
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Visual and optical inspection (or testing) is still a basic method for
many applications. Visual inspection involves using an inspector's
eyes to look for defects. The inspector may also use special tools
such as magnifying glasses, mirrors, or bore scopes to gain access
and more closely inspect the subject area. Visual examiners follow
procedures that range from simple to very complex.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Acoustic Emission Analysis

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Detection and analysis of AE signals can supply valuable information

regarding the origin and importance of a discontinuity in a material.
It has many industrial applications

Assessing structural integrity (Welding)

Detecting flaws

Testing for leaks (Pressure Vessel)

Monitoring weld quality

Research tool.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Eddy Current test

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In a standard eddy current testing a circular coil carrying current is

which generates eddy current then the presence of any flaws, will
cause a change in eddy current and a corresponding change in the
phase and amplitude of the measured current.
Applications:

Surface Breaking Cracks

SBC using Sliding Probes

Tube Inspection Conductivity

Heat Treat Verification

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Penetrant Techniques
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In it the defects/cracks are studied using a penetrant/dye.

low surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and dry
surface-breaking discontinuities. Penetrant may be applied to
the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After
adequate penetration time has been allowed, the excess
penetrant is removed and a developer is applied. The
developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw so that an
invisible indication becomes visible to the inspector.
Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light

Department of Mechanical Engineering

X-Ray/Radiography
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X-rays are just like any other kind of electromagnetic radiation. They
can be produced in parcels of energy called photons, just like light.
These are used to produce images of objects using film or other
detector that is sensitive to radiation. The test specimen in placed
between the radiator source and detector. These are used where
thickness of materials is to be measured; it confirms location of hidden
parts in assembly.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Magnetic Inspection
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A magnetic field is established in a component made from

ferromagnetic material. The magnetic lines of force travel
through the material and exit and re-enter the material at the
poles. Defects such as crack or voids cannot support as much
flux, and force some of the flux outside of the part. Magnetic
particles distributed over the component will be attracted to
areas of flux leakage and produce a visible indication.
Applications:
To detect ferromagnetic materials.

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Applications:
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Weld verification.

Structural mechanics.

Radiography in medicine.

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Weld verification:
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In manufacturing, welds are commonly used to join two or more

metal parts. Because these connections may encounter loads and
fatigue during product lifetime, there is a chance that they may fail if
not created to proper specification.

Welds may be tested using NDT techniques such as industrial

radiography or industrial
CT
scanning using X-rays or gamma
rays,ultrasonic testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle
inspection or via eddy current.

In a proper weld, these tests would indicate a lack of cracks in the

radiograph, show clear passage of sound through the weld and
back, or indicate a clear surface without penetrant captured in
cracks.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Structural mechanics:
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Structure can be complex systems that undergo different loads

during their lifetime.

Engineers will commonly model these structures as coupled

second-order systems, approximating dynamic structure
components with springs, masses, and dampers.

In NDT, the structure undergoes a dynamic input, such as the tap of

a hammer or a controlled impulse. Key properties, such
as displacement or acceleration at different points of the structure,
are measured as the corresponding output.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Radiography in medicine:
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The human body is difficult to model as a complete transfer

function.

Bones or molecules, have a known response to certain

radiographic inputs, such as x-rays or magnetic resonance.

Coupled with the controlled introduction of a known element, such

as digested barium, radiography can be used to image parts or
functions of the body by measuring and interpreting the response to
the
radiographic
input.
In
this
manner,
many bone
fractures and diseases may be detected and localized in
preparation for treatment. X-rays may also be used to examine the
interior of mechanical systems in manufacturing using NDT
techniques, as well

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IMPORTANCE AND NEED OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING:

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NDT plays a crucial role in everyday life and is necessary to assure

safety and reliability. Typical examples are found in aircraft, spacecraft
(shuttle), motor vehicles, pipelines, bridges, trains, power stations,
refineries, buildings and oil platforms which are all inspected using NDT.

NDT is a Quality Assurance management tool which can give impressive

results when used correctly. It requires an understanding of the various
methods available, their capabilities and limitations, knowledge of the
relevant standards and specifications for performing the tests.

Materials, products and equipment which fail to achieve their

requirements or projected life due to undetected defects may
expensive repair or early replacement. Such defects may also
cause of unsafe conditions or catastrophic failure, as well as
revenue due to unplanned plant shutdown.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

design
require
be the
loss of