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Variables
Variables are things that change.
The independent variable is the variable that is
purposely changed. It is the manipulated
variable.
The dependent variable changes in response to
the independent variable. It is the responding
variable.
Be sure to operationally define each variable.
Constants in an Experiment
What are constants in an experiment?
Factors that are kept the same and not
allowed to change
3?
5?
10?
Repeated Trials
Drawing of Experiment
Include Labels
to clearly
identify the
important parts
of the
experimental
setup
Temp. Change of
water (oC) Trials
1
11
11
10
8
10
14
17
15
18
14
16
14
17
Temp. Change of
water Trials
1
11
11
10
8
10
14
17
15
18
14
16
14
17
Trials
1
11
11
10
8
10
14
17
15
18
14
16
14
17
Constructing a Graph
What is the purpose of a graph?
Graphs
Title: The Effect of the independent variable on the dependent
variable
Constructing a Graph
scoops
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Amount of calcium chloride (scoops)
20
15
10
5
0
.
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
Amount of calcium chloride (scoops)
Data Pairs
(0, 0)
(2, 4)
(4, 7)
(6, 10)
(8, 14)
(10, 17)
.
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
Amount of calcium chloride (scoops)
20
15
10
5
0
.
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
Amount of calcium chloride (scoops)
15
10
5
0
.
.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Amount of calcium chloride (scoops)
17
14
10
7
4
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Amount of calcium chloride (scoops)
20
15
10
5
0
.
0
.
.
2
4
6
8
Amount of calcium chloride
10
0
5
10
15
20
Average Temp. Change (oC)
25
20
15
10
5
0
.
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
Amount of calcium chloride (scoops)
.
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
Amount of calcium chloride (scoops)
30
20
10
0
..
..
..
0
10
20
30
40
50
Amount of calcium chloride (scoops)
Conclusion
Why or why not your results supported or
did not support the hypothesis.
Hypotheses are never wrong. They are
either supported or not supported.
Include reasons for the hypothesis to be
supported or unsupported.
Writing A Statement of
the Problem for the
Experiment
What should it state?
It should state: The Effect of the Independent
Variable on the Dependent Variable.
What is a good statement of the problem
for The Helicopter?
What is the effect of wing length on time of descent?
Another Look
at Our Hypothesis
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
If the length of the wings are increased,
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
then time of descent will increase.
Constants in an Experiment
Factors that are kept the same and not
allowed to change
What should be kept constant in theHelicopter?
CONSTANTS
Same structure of helicopters
Same dropping technique
Same dropping height
Repeated Trials
Drawing of Experiment
Hold helicopter
in the middle
Drop from
same spot
each time
Quantitative Observations
Data Table and Graph
Average Descent
Time (s)
(cm)
5
1
3
2
5
3
4
.
5
.
6
7
8
Wing Length (cm)
.
.
.
.
.
8
6
4
2
0
0
4
6
8
Wing Length (cm)
10
Conclusion
The overall results supported the
hypothesis.
A possible reason for this could be
due to increased surface area of the
wing in contact with the air - allowing
for greater air support.
Authors
Harry Dillner, Kathy Melvin
Delaware Science Olympiad