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From t to F
Logic of ANOVA
Source of Variance
The F ratio
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From t to F
In the independent samples t test, you learned
how to use the t distribution to test the
hypothesis of no difference between two
population means.
Suppose, however, that we wish to know about
the relative effect of three or more different
treatments?
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From t to F
We could use the t test to make comparisons among each
possible combination of two means.
However, this method is inadequate in several ways.
It is tedious to compare all possible combinations of groups.
Any statistic that is based on only part of the evidence (as is the
case when any two groups are compared) is less stable than one
based on all of the evidence.
There are so many comparisons that some will be significant by
chance.
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From t to F
What we need is some kind of survey test that will
tell us whether there is any significant difference
anywhere in an array of categories.
If it tells us no, there will be no point in searching
further.
Such an overall test of significance is the F test, or
the analysis of variance, or ANOVA.
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The F Ratio
A N O V A (F )
T o ta l V a r ia tio n A m o n g S c o r e s
W ith in -G r o u p s V a r ia tio n
V a ria t io n d u e t o c h a n c e .
B e tw e e n -G r o u p s V a r ia tio n
V a ria t io n d u e t o c h a n c e
a n d t r e a t m e n t e f f e c t ( i f a n y e x is t i s ) .
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F 1
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F 1
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The F Ratio
Variance
(X X )
2
s
n 1
Sum of Squares
Degrees of Freedom
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The F Ratio
A N O V A (F )
T o ta l V a r ia tio n A m o n g S c o r e s
W ith in -G r o u p s V a r ia tio n
V a ria t io n d u e t o c h a n c e .
B e tw e e n -G r o u p s V a r ia tio n
V a ria t io n d u e t o c h a n c e
a n d t r e a t m e n t e f f e c t ( i f a n y e x is t i s ) .
M e a n S q u a r e s W i t h in
M e a n S q u a r e s B e tw e e n
MSbetween
F
MSwithin
mean squares
between
mean squares
within
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The F Ratio
MSbetween
F
MSwithin
sum of squares between
SSbetween
MSbetween
df between
degrees of freedom between
SSwithin
MSwithin
dfwithin
degrees of freedom within
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The F Ratio
MSbetween
F
MSwithin
SSwithin
MSwithin
dfwithin
SSbetween
MSbetween
df between
degrees of freedom
total
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SS between
T
G
n
N
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SS within ( X X group )
SS within
T
X
n
2
Number of
subjects in
each group.
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Non-directional Test
In testing the hypothesis of no difference between two means,
a distinction was made between directional and nondirectional
alternative hypotheses.
Such a distinction no longer makes sense when the number of
means exceeds two.
A directional test is possible only in situations where there are
only two ways (directions) that the null hypothesis could be
false.
H0 may be false in any number of ways.
Two or more group means may be alike and the remainder differ, all
may be different, and so on.
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Example 1
A study compared the felt intensity of unrequited love among three groups:
individuals who were currently experiencing unrequited love,
individuals who had previously experienced unrequited love and
described their experiences retrospectively, and
individuals who had never experienced unrequited love but described
how they thought they would feel if they were to experience it.
Determine the significance of the difference among groups, using the .05
level of significance.
Imagined
7
6
5
6
Retrospective
12
8
9
11
Current
8
10
12
10
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Example 1
State the research hypothesis.
Do ratings of the intensity of unrequited love differ
if a person is feeling it now, remembering how it
felt, or imagining how it may feel?
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Example 1
Set decision rule.
.05
df between number of groups 1 3 1 2
df within (n1 1) (n2 1) (n3 1) ( 4 1) (4 1) (4 1) 9
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Example 1
Set the decision rule.
.05
df between 2
df within 9
Fcrit 4.26
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Example 1
Calculate the test statistic.
Imagined
X2
Retrospective
X2
Current
X2
49
12
144
64
36
64
10
100
25
81
12
144
36
11
121
10
100
T:24
146
T:40
410
T:40
408
SS within
T2
X
n
2
Grand Total T:
104
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Example 1
Calculate the test statistic.
Retrospective
X2
49
Current
X2
12
X2
144
64
36
64
10
100
25
81
12
144
36
11
121
10
100
T:24
146
T:40
410
T:40
408
Imagined
SS between
T 2 G2
n
N
Grand Total:
104
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Example 1
MS between
F
MS within
MS between
MS within
SS between 42.67
21.34
df between
2
SS within 20
2.22
df within
9
MS between 21.34
F
9.61
MS within
2.22
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Example 1
Determine if your result is significant.
Reject H0, 9.61>4.26
df
SS
MS
Between Groups
42.67
21.34
9.61
20
2.22
Within Groups
Total
11
62.67
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Example 2
A psychologist interested in artistic preference randomly assigns
a group of 15 subjects to one of three conditions in which they
view a series of unfamiliar abstract paintings.
The 5 participants in the famous condition are led to
believe that these are each famous paintings.
The 5 participants in the critically acclaimed condition are
led to believe that these are paintings that are not famous but
are highly thought of by a group of professional art critics.
The 5 in the control condition are given no special
information about the paintings.
Does what people are told about paintings make a difference in
how well they are liked? Use the .01 level of significance.
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Example 2
Famous
Critically
Acclaimed
No Information
10
10
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Example 2
State the research hypothesis.
Does what people are told about paintings make a
difference in how well they are liked?
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Example 2
Set decision rule.
.01
df between number of groups 1 3 1 2
df within (n1 1) (n 2 1) (n3 1) (5 1) (5 1) (5 1) 12
Fcrit 6.93
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Example 2
Famous
X2
Critically
Acclaimed
X2
No
Information
X2
10
100
25
16
49
36
25
81
10
100
49
64
16
T:40
338
T:20
100
T:25
151
SS total
SS total
2
G
X 2
N
Grand Total: 85
(85) 2
338 100 151
589 481.67 107.33
15
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Example 2
Famous
X2
Critically
Acclaimed
X2
No
Information
X2
10
100
25
16
49
36
25
81
10
100
49
64
16
T:40
338
T:20
100
T:25
151
SS between
SS between
T 2 G2
n
N
Grand Total: 85
40 2 20 2 25 2 (85) 2
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Example 2
Famous
X2
Critically
Acclaimed
X2
No
Information
X2
10
100
25
16
49
36
25
81
10
100
49
64
16
T:40
338
T:20
100
T:25
151
Grand Total: 85
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Example 2
MS between
F
MS within
MS between
MS within
SS between 43.33
21.67
df between
2
SS within 64
5.33
df within 12
MS between 21.67
F
4.06
MS within
5.33
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Example 2
Determine if your result is significant.
Retain H0, 4.06<6.93