PERIODICITY

Electron Configurations

The chemistry of an atom occurs

at the set of electrons called
valence electrons
The valence electrons are
electrons in an atoms highest
energy level.
The arrangement of the valence
e- lead to the elements
properties.

History of the Periodic Table

70 elements had been discovered
by the mid-1800s, but until Dmitri
Mendeleev, no one had a come with
a way to organize the elements.
Mendeleev came up with the first
working system of filing the
elements.

He listed the elements in columns in

order of increasing atomic mass,
and then put columns together that
were similar

History of the Periodic Table

Mendeleev left gaps in the table
since there were no current
elements that seemed to fit
those spots
Those elements were eventually
discovered and they fit perfectly
into an open spot.

The 1st scientist that set the

table in order of atomic number
was Henry Moseley

History of the Periodic Table

The modern PT is arranged by
increasing atomic number

Increases from left to right, and

top to bottom

This establishes the periodic law

When the elements are arranged

in order of increasing atomic #,
there is a periodic repetition of
their phys & chem properties

Periodic Properties
An elements properties can go
hand in hand with electron
arrangement
We can use an elements location
on the PT to predict many
properties.
Atomic radius
Electron affinity
Electronegativity
Ionization energy

Periodic Properties
The radius of an atom is defined
by the edge of its last energy
level.
However, this boundary is fuzzy

An atoms radius is the

measured distance between the
nuclei of 2 identical atoms
chemically bonded together divided by 2.

Periodic Properties
As we examine atomic radius from
left to right across the PT we see a
grad-ual decrease in atomic size.
As e- are added to the same
energy level, they are gradually
pulled closer to the highly positive
nucleus

The more e-s in the atom the less

dramatic this trend looks

Periodic Properties
The change in atomic radii across
the PT is due to e- shielding or to
the effective nuclear charge
As we move across
the PT we are adding
e- into the same general vol. in which case
they will shield or
interact with each
other (repulsion)

Periodic Properties
We are also adding protons into
the nucleus which increases the
p+-e- interaction (attraction)

So the nucleus gains strength

while the e- arent gaining much
distance, so the atom is drawn in
closer and closer to the nucleus.
Decreasing the overall radius of
the atom

Periodic Trend of Ionic

Charges

Tend to
lose
electrons
to become
positive

Tend to gain
electrons to
become
negative

Periodic Properties
Another periodic trend on the
table is ionization energy (a.k.a.
potential)
Which is the energy needed to
remove one of an atoms e-s.
Or a measure of how strongly an
atom holds onto its outermost e-s.

If the e-s are held strongly the

atom will have a high ionization
energy

Periodic Properties
The ionization energy is
generally measured for one
electron at a time
You can also measure the
amount of energy needed to
reach in and pluck out additional
electrons from atoms.
There is generally a large jump
in energy necessary to
remove additional electrons

the amount of energy required to

remove an inner shell e from a Na
ion is almost 10 times greater than
that required to remove the sole
-

Periodic Properties
Another periodic trend dealing with
an e- is electron affinity
Which is a measure of the ability of
an atom to attract or gain an
electron.

Atoms that tend to accept an e- are

those that tend to give a neg.
charge.
The closer to a full outer shell an
atom has, the higher the affinity
(more neg. the measurement)

Periodic Properties
An atoms ability to lose an e- or
gain an e- can be used to
understand the Octet Rule
Octet Rule: atoms tend to gain,
lose, or share electrons in order
to acquire a full set of valence
electrons.

Periodic Properties
Electronegativity is a key trend.
It reflects the ability of an atom
to attract electrons in a chemical
bond.

F is the most electronegative

element and it decreases
moving away from F.
Electronegativity correlates to
an atoms ionization energy and
electron affinity

BOILING POINT & MELTING POINT VS. ATOMIC

NUMBER

INCREASES

INCREASES