Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By : Bisrat Girma
Mechanical Engineering Department
21/Nov /2008
Contents
Part one
Introduction
Course overview
Drawing as a means of communication
Graphic language or drafting
Types of drawing
Contents (contd)
Part one
Types of lines
Lettering
Co-ordinate system
Geometric construction
Bisecting ,trisecting line and angle
Dividing a line and an angle in to a number of parts
Drawing different polygons
Contents (contd)
Part one
Geometric construction
Training aids
PowerPoint slides prepared
Reference books
Engineering drawing and Graphic technology
by French
Engineering drawing by Luzadder
Introduction
Drawing as a means of
communications
Indefinite needs - human nature
New product
Research
Development
Design
Production, construction, and Operation
It needs communication
Drawing as a means of
communications
Exchange of ideas needs means of
communication. As the idea becomes
technical the usual means of communication
(talk or listen, read or write) will be less
exact. For this reason visual language is
developed to be technical and accurate
means communication. This visual language
in broad term is called graphic language. We
call it universal language of industry when it
is used for production purpose
Drawing as a means of
communications
The v-block is to be made of cast iron and
machined on all surfaces. The overall sizes are
two and one-half inches high, three inches
wide, and six inches long. A v-shaped cut
having an included angle of 90 is to be made
through the entire length of the block. The cut
is to be made with the block resting on the three
inch by six inch surface. The v-cut is to begin
one-quarter inch from the outside edges. At the
bottom of the v-cut there is to be a relief slot
one-eighth inch wide by one-eighth inch deep.
Drawing as a means of
communications
Drawing as a means of
communications
How Would You Describe This?
In teams of two, describe using only words
How effective is this approach?
Visualization and
Implementation
There are two principles in drawing
Implementation
Solid geometry
Cont .
Disadvantage
Time consuming to produce
It needs skill
Communication Distance
Communication distance is a factor for
selection of graphic language.
Engineers + Designers
Sketch
Feed
Back
Drafts man
Mechanical
Drawing
TECHNICIANS
Sketch
Types of Drawing
Sketches
describe the concept in general
Layout
show the relationships of parts and defines key
dimensions
Details
Assembly
Pictorial
for technical manuals, sales literature, or Internet
Types of Drawing
Production Drawings
Used to:
Types of drawing
Detail drawing
Types of drawing
Assembly Drawings
Show how parts fit together or are functionally
related
Dimensions typically refer to relationships
among the parts
Often a bill of materials (listing of all parts
necessary to make up the total assembly) is
included.
Types of drawing
Assembly Drawings
An assembly drawing is
handy for a technician
servicing a machinery or
machinery component.
By studying an assembly
drawing and keeping it
handy as the part is
repaired, you can be sure
that all pails are installed in
their proper place.
Types of drawing
Exploded pictorial drawings
Represent several parts assembled according to
the axes of their assembly
Parts are not shown assembled but are moved
apart along the principal axes of the product
Typically not dimensioned
Helpful for assembly purposed on the
production line
Types of drawing
Exploded pictorial
drawings
shows all of the
components spread out,
or exploded. so you can
see what each part looks
like.
frequently used in
illustrated parts manuals
and service bulletins.
Eraser
Erasing shield
Triangle (Set-square) (450 and 300 - 600)
Architects or engineers scale
Irregular curves (French curve)
Drawing instrument set (Compass, Divider, extensions)
Protractor
Drawing Broad
Drawing tables come in many different size
and design. It could be fixed, movable, with
drawer, adjustable, etc.
They are used to attach drawing sheet.
Keep your drawing table clean and dry not
to affect your drawing quality.
Drawing Sheet
made from different
materials with different
quality.
Paper, tracing paper,
vellum, tracing cloth,
glass cloth or film.
Drawing sheets will
determine selection of
pencil grade
US CUSTOMARY
SERIES
ISO
STANDAR
D
Siz
First
Second
e
serie
series
s
81/2 x 11 9 x 12
A0
841 x 1189
11 x 17
12 x 18
A1
594 x 841
17 x 22
18 x 24
A2
420 x 594
22 x 34
24 x 36
A3
297 x 420
34 x 44
36 x 48
A4
210 x 297
T-square
They can be made from
different materials, mostly
from wood or plastic.
Parts: blade and head
two edges of the blade should
be parallel.
The head is fixed at 900 to the
blade
The cleanness of your T
square greatly affect your
drawing quality and
cleanliness.
T-square
Used for
Drawing horizontal
lines
Guiding triangles
Position drawing paper
Drawing Pencils
Most drawing pencil leads are made from
graphite. They are usually made in 17 degrees
of hardness.
H (medium hard)
2H (hard)
3H (hard, plus)
4H (very hard)
5H (extra hard)
6H (extra hard, plus)
7H (extremely hard)
8H (extremely hard, plus)
9H (Hardest)
Drawing Pencils
Selection of drawing pencil
Triangles
Used to draw lines at standard angles and by
connecting any two points
Scale of Drawing
USING PROPER SCALE
YOU CAN READ FULL
SIZE MEASUREMENTS
FROM DRAWINGS.
Enlarged
Same size
Reduced
1:1
1:2
2000:1
1000:1
500:1
1:5
200:1
1:10
100:1
1:20
50:1
1:50
20:1
1:100
10:1
1:200
5:1
1:500
2:1
1:1000
Types of lines
TYPE OF LINES
Continuous thick line
ILUSTRATION
APPLICATION
Visible outlines (boundary lines)
Long chain
chain thin
thin line
Long chain thick at
ends and thin
elsewhere.
Long thin chain with
two dash lines
Types of lines
Title Blocks
some items standard: drawing number, sheet
number, title, company name, logo, scale, date,
tolerances, drafter, checker, supervisor
Lettering
Lettering plays a major role in overall
appearance of a drawing.
Lettering should be executed in one stroke
Vertical lettering
Horizontal lettering
Exercise on lettering after reading
assignment
Basic Strokes
Straight
Slanted
Horizontal
Curved
A letter 1
B letter 1
3
3
2
Curved line
letters
Curved line
letters &
Numerals
Stroke Sequence
I
Stroke Sequence
V
Stroke Sequence
N
Stroke Sequence
O
Stroke Sequence
D
Stroke Sequence
Stroke Sequence
S
Stroke Sequence
l
Stroke Sequence
v
Stroke Sequence
j
Stroke Sequence
c
Stroke Sequence
g
Word Composition
Observe the following word
Spacing
Contour
JIRAPONG
|||| \
\ | )(
)|
|(
3. Straight - Slant
2. Straight - Curve
4. Curve - Curve
5. Curve - Slant
slant
slant
slant
straight
Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter O.
Example
Geometric construction
Geometric construction
A point, line, arc, and circle are the basic
elements used to create the most complex
drawings
Geometric elements
A point
A line
A curve
An angle
Planes
Closed 2-D elements
Surfaces
Solids
A Point
Specifies an exact location in space
Theoretical location that has neither width,
height, nor depth and describes an exact
location in space.
A point is represented by intersection of
-
Intersection of 2-lines
A short crossbar on a line
Or by a small cross
A Point
A point can be
defined as a set of
coordinates (x,y) on
the Cartesian plane.
A Line
Has length and direction but no width
All points are collinear
May be infinite
At least one point must be specified
Direction may be specified with a second point or with an
angle
May be finite
Defined by two end points
Defined by one end point, a length, and direction
A Line
A straight line: is the shortest distance between
two points and is commonly referred to simply as
a line
A line
Line May be straight, curved, or a
combination but straight line is the shortest
distance between two points
A Curve
The locus of points along a curve are not
collinear
The direction is constantly changing
Single curved lines
all points on the curve lie on a single plane
A regular curve
The distance from a fixed point to any point on
the curve is a constant
Examples: arc and circle
A Curve
A regular curve
The distance from a
fixed point to any
point on the curve is
a constant
Examples: arc and
circle
An angle
An angle
Planes
Planes are defined by:
Three points not lying in a straight
line
Two parallel lines
Two intersecting lines
A point and a line
Planes
Triangles
A triangle is a plane figure bounded
by three straight sides.
Equilateral triangle (all sides equal, 60
deg. angles)
Isosceles triangle (two sides equal)
Right triangle (one angle is 90
degrees)
Plane
Triangles
Planes
Quadrilateral
Planes
Quadrilateral
Planes
Quadrilateral
Planes
Other
Polygons
Pentagon
8 SIDES
Octagon
6 SIDES
Hexagon
9 SIDES
Nonagon
7 SIDES
Heptagon
10 SIDES
Decagon
Planes
Quadrilateral: is a plane figure bounded by 4straight sides.
If the opposite sides are parallel, the Quadrilateral
is also called parallelogram
Polygons: is any plane figure bounded by straight
lines.
Regular Polygon has equal sides and angle,
Regular Polygon can be inscribed in or
circumscribed around a circle
Planes
Quadrilateral and polygons
Planes
Circles and Arcs
Center
Circumference
Radius
Chord
Diameter
Secant
Arc
Semicircle
Minor arc
Major arc
Central angle
Sector
Quadrant
Segment
Tangent
Planes
Circle: is a closed
curve, all points of
which are the same
distance from a point
called the center
Circumference is
referred to the circle
or to the distance
around the circ
Planes
Circles and Arcs
Radius (R)
Diameter (D)
Angle (1 rev = 360o 0 0)
Circumference (2*3.14159*R)
Tangent
Chord
R
D
Concentric circles
Planes
Inscribed polygon
An inscribed polygon can be
constructed by determining the
number of sides and the
distance across the corners.
Circle diameter = distance across
corners
8-sided polygon
Example:
There are 360 in a circle; for an eight-sided polygon
divide 360 by 8 (360 8=45 ) to determine the
Planes
Circumscribed Polygon
A circumscribed polygon can
be constructed by determining
the number of sides and the
distance across the flats.
Circle diameter = distance across
the flats
8-sided polygon
Example:
There are 360 in a circle; for an eight-sided polygon
divide 360 by 8 (360 8=45 ) to determine the
Planes
Parallelograms
4 sides
Opposite sides are parallel
Ex. square, rectangle, and rhombus
Regular polygons
All sides have equal length
3 sides: equilateral triangle
4 sides: square
5 sides: pentagon
Circumscribed or inscribed
Solids
Three dimensional
They have a volume
Regular polyhedral
Have regular polygons
for faces
All faces are the same
Prisms
Two equal parallel
faces
Sides are
parallelograms
Pyramids
Common intersection
point (vertex)
Cones
Cylinders
Spheres
Geometric construction-solids
Polyhedral: solids bounded by plane surfaces
These surfaces are called face
Regular Polyhedral: a solid with faces equal a regular polygon
Geometric Constraints
When making solid models, constraints are
necessary to produce parts of exact shapes
and sizes. To make a part parametric it is
necessary to use as many geometric
constraints as possible. The next set of
slides will show what that geometry is.
Geometric Constraints
Parallel - Lines that are equal distance
from
each other at each point along their
length.
These two lines are parallel. The lines are
also representing the symbol for parallel.
Geometric Constraints
Horizontal - A line is horizontal when it is
parallel to the horizon. In solid modeling,
the line is also parallel in the horizontal
projection plane and will appear true length.
Vertical - A line is vertical when it is
perpendicular to the horizon. This line will
be parallel to the front and profile projection
planes.
Geometric Constraints
Tangent - A line or arc that has one point in common with
an arc. If a line is tangent with a circle the line will be
perpendicular with a line drawn from the point of tangency
through the center point of the arc. If two arcs are tangent
(Figure B), a line drawn between the centers will intersect
at the point of tangency.
Geometric Constraints
Geometric Constraints
Collinear - Lines that if projected at each other will
become the same line.
Collinear lines
Geometric construction
Bisecting a line or
circular arc
From A & B draw
equal arcs with
radius greater than
half AB
. Join intersection D
& E with a straight
line to locate center
Geometric construction
Geometric construction
Bisecting an angle
Angle BAC is to be
bisected:
Geometric construction
Transferring an angle
Angle BAC is to be transferred to the new position A B:
Use any convenient radius R, and strike arcs from centers A and A
Strike equal arcs r, and draw side AC
Geometric construction
Drawing a line through a point and parallel to a
line
Geometric construction
Drawing a line parallel to a line and at a distance
Geometric construction
Dividing a line into equal parts
Geometric construction
Dividing a
line into
equal
parts--continued
Geometric construction
Dividing a line into proportional parts
Geometric construction
Geometric construction
Drawing a triangle with sides given
Draw one side, as C, in desired position, and strike arc
with radius equal to side A
Strike arc with radius equal to side B
Draw side A and B from intersection of arcs, as shown in
III
Geometric construction
Drawing a right triangle
with hypotenuse and
one side given
Given sides S and R,
with AB as a diameter
equal to S, draw a
semicircle
With A as a center and R
as a radius, draw an arc
intersecting the
semicircle at C
Draw AC and CB to
complete the right
triangle
Geometric construction
Drawing an equilateral triangle
Geometric construction
Drawing a square
Geometric construction
Drawing a regular pentagon
Geometric construction
Drawing a regular hexagon
Geometric construction
Drawing a regular
hexagon
Geometric construction
Drawing any regular polygon
Geometric construction
Geometric construction
Geometric construction
Geometric construction
Drawing tangents to two circles
Geometric construction
Constructing arcs tangent to two lines
Geometric construction
Constructing an arc tangent to a line and another
arc
Geometric construction
Constructing
an arc tangent
to two given
arcs
Geometric construction
Constructing an arc tangent to a given arc
Geometric construction
Conic Sections: are curves produced by
planes intersecting a right circular cone
4-types of curves are produced: circle,
ellipse, parabola, hyperbola
Geometric construction
Ellipse: Single-curvedsurface primitive
created when a plan
passes through a right
circular cone at an
angle to the axis that is
greater than the angle
between the axis and
the sides (a circle when
viewed at an angle
appears as an ellipse)
Geometric construction
An ellipse
The long axis is the major axis & the short axis is the
minor axis
Each ellipse has two FOCI points (E & F)
The foci points are found by striking arcs with radius
equal to half the major axis & with center at the end of
the minor axis (point C or D)
An ellipse is generated by a point moving so that the
sum of its distances from two points (the foci) is
constant and equal to the major axis
Geometric construction
Geometric construction
Constructing a Foci
Ellipse
Geometric construction
Constructing foci ellipse
Geometric construction
Constructing concentric circle ellipse
Geometric construction
Constructing four centered method ellipse
Geometric construction
Parabola: Curve
created when a
plane intersects a
right circular cone
parallel to the side
(elements) of the
cone
Geometric construction
Parallelogram
Method of
Drawing
Parabolas
Engineering Applications
of Parabolas
Geometric construction
Constructing a
parabola
Geometric construction
Constructing a parabola
Geometric construction
Hyperbola: Curve
of the intersection
created when a
plane intersects a
right circular cone
and makes a smaller
angle
with the axis than
do the elements
Geometric construction
Hyperbola
Geometric construction
Constructing a hyperbola
Geometric construction
Constructing involutes of a circle
Geometric construction
Constructing a spiral
A single-curved surface that begins at a point called a pole and
becomes larger as it travels in a plane around the origin