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CONSTRUCTIO
N
IV
STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes 4.1
The most common shapes of structural steel used in buildings are the American
Standard Steel Shapes such as:
1. Square Bars
2.
3. Round Bars
4. Plate Bars
5. Angle Bars
6. Channels The standard channel has the shape of unsymmetrical balance
consisting of two flanges on one side. It requires lateral support to prevent its
tendency to buckle. Channels are generally used as parts of built-up sections
for columns and are also suitable for framing around floor openings, spandrels
and lintels attributed to the absence of flanges on the other side. The channel
section is identified as C 15 x 20 which means that the channel has a depth of
20 cm and weights 15 kg per meter length.
7. I-Beams The use of a standard I-beam as a column is uneconomical
because the whirl or revolving action of the member about an axis through the
centroid of the web is comparatively small.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes 4.1
7. Tee Beams
8. H-Columns
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing 4.2
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing 4.2
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing 4.2
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
4.2.3 Three-Way Beam System is used when a large columnfree space is required, where long-spanning plate girders or
trusses can be used to carry the primary beam, which in turn
support a layer of secondary beams.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
4.3
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
4.3
Connections
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
4.3
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
4.3
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
4.3
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
4.3
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Girders may be built up of angles and plates riveted together for long spans
and for unusual cases of very heavy loading. Those are of two types:
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
4.4
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists 4.5
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking 4.6
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking 4.6
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid 4.7
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
When a truss is supported at its ends by columns, the truss together with
its columns, considered as a unit, is called a bent.
The intersection between two or more members of the truss is called a
joint or panel joint and the distance between two adjacent joints along
either the top or bottom chords is known as the panel or panel length. The
quadrangular space, crossed by an inclined web-member, is also referred
to as a panel. The axes of all members at each joint should always meet in
a common point.
The span of a roof truss is the distance between the centers of the
supports and its rise is the distance between the apex of the truss and the
line joining the points of support. The pitch of a roof truss is the ratio of the
rise to the span for a truss symmetrical about its center line. The slope of
an inclined member is the tangent of the angle of inclination with the
horizontal, usually specified in inches rise per 12 run.
The portion of the roof between two adjacent trusses is called a bay.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid 4.7
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid 4.7
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
B. RELATIVE TO FORM
1. Triangular
2. Quadrangular
3. Crescent
Joining of Steel
Members
4. Scissors
5. Arched
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Metal Decking
Peak
Truss Plate
Top Chord
Heel
Slope
Pitch
Web
Joining of Steel
Members
Bottom Chord
Bearing Point
Splice
Panel Point
Wedge Block
Cantilever
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
5. Hammer-beam
6. Sawtooth
7. Warren
8. Pettit
FINK
SAWTOOTH
HOWE
WARREN
PRATT
SCISSORS
PETTIT
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid 4.7
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid 4.7
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
4.8
Systems
Joining of Steel
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel 4.9
Members
4.9.1 RIVETING
A rivet is a short pin, of malleable metal such as iron, steel, or copper,
with a head at one end; used to unite two metal plates by passing it
through a hole in both plates and then hammering down the point to
for a second head.
In structural riveting, a hot steel rivet with a formed head is inserted in
holes through two members to be joined; its head is then held with a
hand hammer with a cup shaped depression, while a pneumatic
hammer drives a rivet set repeatedly against the other end to form a
second head. The rivet shrinks as it cools, drawing members tightly
together.
Rivet set, rivet snap, settoing punch, snap a tool for shaping the head of a rivet.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Countersunk, raised
Countersunk, flat
Button, coned neck
Button, straight neck
Pan, coned neck
Pan, straight neck
4.9.2 BOLTING
The bolts commonly used in steel frame construction falls into two general
categories:
Carbon-steel bolts or common bolts; are similar to the ordinary
machine bolts. Carbon steel is steel having no specified minimum
content of alloying elements; minimum copper content not exceeding
0.40%.
High-strength bolts are bolts made of either high-strength carbon steel
or quenched and tempered alloy steel; tempered meaning, heat
treated during manufacture to develop the necessary strength. It is
usually tightened using pneumatic or electric impact wrench.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel 4.9
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
4.9.3 WELDING
Welding has become fully accepted as a means of joining steel structural
members in buildings because it has the inherent advantage of fusing
the metals to be joined, thereby simplifying connections and
fabricating operations.
A. DEFINITION OF FUSION WELDING (ELECTRIC ARC WELDING)
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel 4.9
Members
The fusion welding process employs an electric arc, wherein energy in the
form of heat is supplied by establishing an arc between the base or
parent metal (the parts to be joined) and a metal electrode. As the arc
is formed, tremendous heat is concentrated at the point of welding.
Instantly, the materials are at melting-point temperature.
The parent metal melts in a small pool and additional metal supplied by
the electrode is transferred through the arc an deposited in the pool.
As the electrode continues along the joint, the molten metal left behind
solidifies to form the weld.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel 4.9
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel 4.9
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
C. TYPES OF WELD
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel 4.9
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel 4.9
Members
D. WELD POSITIONS
There are four positions in welding. In order of economy, they are the flat, horizontal,
vertical, and overhead positions. Overhead welds, which is the most difficult, should be
avoided whenever possible.
E. WELD JOINTS
The three most common joints used in structural work are the butt, T, and lap joints.
Other types are the edge and corner joints. Fillet welds are applicable to T, lap, and
corner joints; groove welds are applicable to all joints with the exception of lap joints.
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel 4.9
Members
Structural Steel
4.0
Construction
Structural Steel Shapes
Structural Steel Framing
Steel Columns &
Connections
Steel Beams &
Connection
Open-Web Steel Joists
Metal Decking
Steel Trusses and Rigid
Frames
Structural Steel Framing
Systems
Joining of Steel 4.9
Members
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
4
END