ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN

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INTRODUCTION
Skin :

- Body organ : site outer

- a complex organ that protect its host
from environment, at the same time
allowing
interaction
w/
the
environment

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Skin : very complex, elastic & sensitive.

Variation according : climate, age, sex,

race & depend to location of the body.

The

skin characters : smooth, hard,

reguler/not thin, thick, strong attach with
the body nothing similarity.

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Skin can move & stretch depend

on:
Thick and the fold, elastisitasity
The skin attach with underlying

tissue
Skin elastic and loose : palpebra,
lip and preputium.
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Skin thick and not stretched

hand and feet
Skin thin face, that smooth
neck and the body, hard form
head Dermatochalasis
palmar and plantar

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Embriology of
the
skin
Embriology
of the skin :
1.

Ectoderm : epidermis

2.

Mesoderm :
a. Dermis corium cutis
b. Subcutis

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Skin Appendage :

Gland on the skin

Apocrin

Ecrin

Sebacea

Hair

Muscle

Nerve, blood vessel, lymphoid vessel

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Epidermis contain = ecrin gland, apocrin gland,

sebaceus gland, hair and nail

Ecrin gland : 2-5 million , the most in palmar area
Apocrin gland : location in armpit, anogenital, areola
mammae
Sebaceus gland : all over the body, except palmar,
plantar and dorsum pedis. Lots of in scalp, face,
forehead and chin
Hair: all over the body, except palmar, plantar,
dorsal of distal phalangs fingers & toes, penis, labia
minora, lips
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Anatomi based
The skin as large line, consist of 3 layer :
histopathology
I.
Epidermis layer / cutikel
II.

Dermis layer / corium, cutis vera, true skin

III.

Subcutis layer (hipodermis)

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Dermis

and

subcutis

characterized by connective tissue

(nothing big line) and present cell
and fat tissue

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1. Epidermis layer
Epidermis consist of 5 layer :
1.Stratum
corneum
(SC)
;
complete
differentiation of granular cells results in
stacked layers of a nucleate, flattened
cornified cells that form SC
Mechanical protection to the skin & a barrier
to water loss & permeation
of soluble
substances from the environment
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2. Stratum Lucidum
1 layers. flattened cornified cells , no

nucleous
Protoplasma change protein eleidin
On the palmar and plantar pedis

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3.

Stratum granulosum (Ganulosum layer)

Basophilic keratohyalin granules that are prominent
within cells
Keratohyalin granules are compound primarily of
profilaggrin, keratin filaments, & loricrin
4. Stratum spinosum (Spinosum layer)
Spine-like appearance
Suprabasal spinous cell : polyhedral in shape w/a
rounded nucleus
Spinous cells also contain large bundle of keratin
filaments

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5.

Stratum Basale (BL) = (stratum

germinativum)
Palisade form (columnar shaped Kc)
Basal cell mitotically active
Layers consist of 2 :
1. Columnar cell
2. Melanocytes
are
neural
crest-derived
pigmentsynthesizing dendritic cells that reside
primarily in the BL

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2. Dermis Layer
Elastic dan fibrous layer with cellular
element and hair follicle 2 part :
a. Stratum papillare to epidermis
b. Stratum reticulare to subcutis, more
thick & connective tissue. Containing:
nerve, blood vessel, hair, sweat gland n
sebaceous gland

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3. Subcutis
Layer

Adipocytes form the bulk of of the cells in the hypodermis.

organized into lobules defined by septa of fibrous
connective tissue
Nerves, vessels and lymphatics are located within the septa
& supply the region.
Two regions (Dermis & Subcutis) = structurally &
functionally integrated through networks of nerves &
vessels & the continuity of the epidermal appendages
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Phisiology of
The Skin
Main function :
1.

Protection from infectious agent

2.

Ultraviolet protection

3.

Perception

4.

Regulatory body temperature (thermoregulation)

5.

Respiration

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5. Excretion
6. Expression
7. Wound repair/regeneration
8. Forming precussor vitamin D
9. Physical appearence
10.Recently immunologic agent

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Transit time for a basal cell from the time it loses

contact with the basal layer to the time it enters

stratum corneum , is at least 14 days
Transit through the SC and subsequent

desquamation require another 14 days

Thickness of epid from 0.4to 1.5 mm as

compared with the 1.5 mm to 4.0 mm full

thickness skin
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