Centrifugal PUMP

Dr. Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Mechanical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia

Pumping System in an
Industry

Centrifugal Pump

Construction and
Component

1000

Total head H(m)

100
10

Centrifugal pump

Multistage centrifugal pump

Double suction volute pump

Small scale pump

Mixed flow pump

Axial flow pump

1
0.1
0.01
0.00001 0.0001 0.001

disk friction micro pump

0.01

0.1

Flow rate Q(m3/min)

Fig. 24 Total Head

10

100

1000

out

s 1 mm

disk 50 mm

in

Fig.25 Disk Friction Pump

60

D2 = 50mm

H(m)

40

(%)

D2=50mm, N=3000rpm
1
20

0
0

100

200

300
Q(ml/min)

Fig.27 Head and efficiency of

disk friction pump

400

500

D2 = 50mm

Fig.28 Head and efficiency of fine spiral groove

disk friction pump in several revolution

Casing

Volute
- area enlarge along flow direction
- create uniform velocity distribution
Diffuser
- large size centrifugal pump
- guide vanes surround the impeller
- fluid flow decelerated while
directed to enter the volute

Working
Principles

Ki

ne
tic

en
e

rg
y

re
u
s
s
pre

Fluid

Installation
Inlet head :

pi Vi 2

Z i
g 2 g

Outlet head :

po Vo2

Z o
g 2 g

Total head developed by the pump:

po pi Vo2 Vi 2
H

Z o Z i
g
2g

H H s losses

H s h fi h fo hin hout

H = manometric head
hfi = friction loss at inlet
hfi = friction loss at outlet
hin= inlet loss
hout = outlet loss

Impeller
Theoretical Assumptions:
No tangential flow in
the blade passage
Impeller blades are
infinitely thin
No Velocity variation
across impeller width
Analysis only at inlet
and outlet
Radial inlet flow

Head and Flow Capacity H QTheoretical Head Rise / Euler Head

U 2C x 2 U1C x1
h E
g

C22 C12 U 22 U12 W22 W12

2g
Flow Capacity/Flow Rate

Q 2r1Cr1b1 2r2Cr 2b2

slip factor :
'
x2

C
s
Cx2

slip

STODOLA PROPOSAL
C x e

STODOLA PROPOSAL
If the number of blades is Z, and impeller circumference is
2 r2 then the distance between blades is 2 r2/Z = 2e/sin
Then :

Other Slip Factor

Stodola 20o < < 30o

sin 2
s 1
Z 1 Cr 2 U 2 cot 2

Buseman 30o < < 80o

A B Cr 2 U 2 cot 2
s
1 Cr 2 U 2 cot 2
A and B are function of 2 , Z and r2 r1

Stanitz 80o < < 90o

0.63
s 1
Z 1 Cr 2 U 2 cot 2

Example
The impeller of a centrifugal pump has backward-facing blades inclined at
30o to the tangent at impeller outlet. The blades are 20 mm in depth at the
outlet, the impeller is 250 mm in diameter and it rotates at 1450 rpm. The flow
rate through the pump is 0.028 m3/s and a slip factor of 0.77 may be
assumed. Assume also the blades of infinitesimal thickness. Determine the
theoretical and actual head developed by the impeller, and the number of
impeller blades
Solution:
Flow Capacity/Flow Rate

Q D2Cr 2b2
Cr 2 Q D2b2

Cr 2 0.028 0.25 0.02

Cr 2 1.78 m/s

For ideal outlet velocity triangle = 30o

Wx 2 Cr 2 tan 30 o 1.78 / tan 30o 3.08 m/s

U 2 D2 N 60 0.251450 / 60 19 m/s
C x 2 U 2 Wx 2 19 3.08 15.92 m/s
Theoretical (Euler) head

U 2C x 2 U1C x1
E
C x1 0( flow enters radially at inlet )
g
1915.92 30.83 m (ans.)
E
9.81
Actual head with slip

C x' 2 s .C x 2

E N s .E 0.77 30.83 23.74 m (ans.)

Number of blade

s 1 sin 2 Z 1 Cr 2 U 2 cot 2

0.77 1 sin 30o

Z 8.15 8

Z 1 1.78 19 cot 30

(ans.)

Pump Losses
1. Mechanical friction power
loss, Pm

2. Impeller (Disc) friction

power loss, Pi

3. Leakage and recirculation

power loss, Pl

4. Casing power loss, Pc

Pump Losses
1. Mechanical friction power loss, Pm

Pump Losses
2. Impeller (Disc) friction power loss, Pi

Head loss : hi
Flow rate : Qi

Pi = g Qi hi

Pump Losses
3. Leakage and recirculation power loss, Pl

Head across impeller : Hi

Leakage flow rate : q = Qi - Q

Pl = g qi Hi

Pump Losses
4. Casing power loss, Pc

Head loss : hc
Flow rate : Q

Pc = g Qhc

Pump
Losses H-Q
Diagram

Efficiency
Overall Efficiency

Fluid power developed by pump

gQH
o
shaft power input
Ps

Fluid power at casing outlet

Casing Efficiency
Fluid power at casing inlet
Fluid power at casing outlet

Fluid power developed by impeller - Leakage loss

gQH
H
c

gQH i H i
Volumetric Efficiency

Flow rate through pump

Q
Q
v

Flow rate through impeller

Q q Qi

Efficiency
Fluid power at impeller exit
Impeller Efficiency
Fluid power supplied to impeller
Fluid power at impeller exit

Fluid power developed by impeller impeller loss

gQi H i
Hi
i

gQ i H i hi H i hi
Fluid power supplied to impeller
Mechanical Efficiency
Power input to the shaft
gQi hi H i
m
Ps
Actual head developed by pump
Hydraulic Efficiency
Theoretical head developed by impeller
H
H
H

H i hi E

Efficiency Relation

H ci
o ci v m H v m

Pump Shaft Power,

Ps

Ps Pm g hi Qi hc Q H i q QH

Driven Motor Shaft Power,

P
M
Transmission
Efficiency, T

Ps T PM

PS
PM
T

Pumps Characteristic Curve

E U 2 U 2 Q A cot 2 g
E K1 K 2 Q
E N K1 K 2Q s
hshock K 3 Q QD

where :
QD is design flowrate

h f K 4Q 2

Effect of Flow Rate Variation

Inlet velocity

Outlet velocity
Q;H

Q;H

Effect of Blade Outlet Angle

C x 2 U 2 Cr 2 cot 2

for 2 90 o

E U 2 U 2 Cr 2 cot 2 g

E U 22 g QU 2 cot 2 gA H a bQ
for 2 90o

H a

for 2 90o

H a bQ

Effect of Blade Outlet Angle

Theoretical
characteristic curves

Actual
characteristic curves

Flow in the Discharge Casing

Volute
Casing

Function:
1. Collector
2. Diffuser
Deviation in capacity from
the design condition will
result in a radial thrust (P):

P 495 KHD2 B2

where : K 0.36 1 Q QD

Circular section to
reduce losses due to
friction and impact

Function:
P = radial force (N)
H = Head (m)
D2 = peripheral diameter (m)
B2 = impeller width (m)

Flow in the Discharge Casing

Vaneless Diffuser

Flow in the Discharge Casing

Vaneless Diffuser

Continuity:

m ACr 2rbCr 2r2b2 2Cr 2

Cr r2b2 2Cr 2 rb

Conservation of angular momentum:

C x C x 2 r2 r usually C x Cr
C Cx
Then:
C C x 2 r2 r

Radius, r
Outlet kinetic energi

tan '2 C x 2 Cr 2 cons tan '

rd
tan '
dr

Then:

2 tan ' ln r r2

angle of diffuser

Flow in the Discharge Casing

Vaned Diffuser
Able to diffuse the outlet
kinetic energy at:
Higher rate
Shorter length
Higher efficiency
Number of vanes on the
diffuser ring:
Greater number better
diffusion but more friction
loss
Square cross section of
diffuser channel max rh
Number of diffuser vanes
have no common factor
with the number of
impeller

Flow in the Discharge Casing

Contribution of each section of the pump to total head

Cavitation in Pumps
Vapour bubbles formation of the liquid as the local
absolute static pressure of a liquid falls below the vapour
pressure
occurs mainly at the suction side (at the eye of impeller as the
velocity increases and pressure decreases)
Local pitting of impeller cavitation erosion
Noise
Decrease pump efficiency

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

The difference of total suction head in the impeller inlet
side (impeller eye) above the vapour pressure

pi Vi 2 pvap

NPSH

g 2 g g

all pressures are absolute

A measure of the energy available on the suction side of the

pump
A measure to indicate the occurrence of cavitation

Cavitation Parameter (Toma Cavitation

Number)
2

pvap
pi Vi

g 2 g g
NPSH

Head Developed by pump

H

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

NPSH Required (NPSHR)

Net Suction Head as required by the

pump in order to prevent cavitation for
safe and reliable operation of the pump.
The required NPSHR for a particular pump
is in general determined experimentally by
the pump manufacturer (will vary
depending on the size and speed of the
pump) and a part of the documentation of
the pump.

Measurement of NPSHR by 3%
head reduction
Example of pump documentation

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

NPSH Available (NPSHA)
The Net Positive Suction Head
made available the suction
system for the pump.
The NPSHA can be determined
during design and construction,
or determined experimentally
from the actual physical system
and calculated with the Energy
Equation
Energy at 1 = Energy at 2 + Energy lost between 1 and 2

p1
p2 V22
p2 V22
p1
z1

losessinlet

z1 lossesinlet
g
g 2 g
g 2 g g
At inlet p2 = pi ; V2 = Vi and lossesinlet = hin + hfi, then:
NPSH available at impeller inlet :

p1 pvap
NPSH A

z1 hi h fi
g g

Cavitation ~ NPSH
To avoid cavitation in a pump operation

NPSH A NPSH R

or

A R

Suction Specific Speed

A function due to cavitation that influences the efficiency
Dimensionless suction specific speed

N suc

NQ1/ 2

g NPSH 3 / 4

f , N suc

Cavitation parameter

Ns

NPSH

N suc
H 3/ 4

3/ 4

3/ 4

Similarity Laws

NPSH 1
2
2
N1 N 2 D1 D2 1 2
NPSH 2

Example
When a laboratory test was carried out on a pump, it was found that, for a
pump total head of 36 m at discharde of 0.05 m3/s, cavitation began when the
sum of the static pressure plus the velocity head at inlet was reduced to 3.5
m. The atmospheric pressure was 750 mmHg and the vapour pressure of
water 1.8 kPa. If the pump is to operate at a location where atmospheric
pressure is reduced to 620 mmHg and the vapour pressure of water is 830
Pa, what is the value of the cavitation parameter when the pump develops the
same total head and discharge? Is it necessary to reduce the height of the
pump above the supply, and if so by how much?