Power Point 2 579

Chapter 2
Guiding Concepts of Practice
Organizational Behavior in Education: Leadership and School Reform, 10e

Robert G. Owens and Thomas C. Valesky
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Toward a Theory of Practice
Successful educational leaders are confident and self-assured.

Upon appointment to an administrative position, leaders
acquire power and cachet.
Students of educational leadership must internalize
organizational knowledge and develop their own theory of
practice.
Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2-2

All Rights Reserved.
Two Principal Sources of

Conflict
One source lies in the different ways in which different

people can and do understand what educational
organizations are and how they are best led and
managed.
The second source lies in the pervasive disagreement
among people in our society about the nature of
education itself and what the goals of schooling should
be.

2-3

The Great Debate: Traditional

v. Progressive Education
Today traditional conservative concepts have seized the

momentum of the school reform movement.
Traditional education concepts focus on the primacy of

the subject matter, with drill, memorization, teacher
authority and formal instructional methods.
Progressive education concepts focus on the individual,

with individualized instruction, team learning, group
discussions, and informality in the classroom.

2-4

Beginning of the Great

Educational Debate
Progressive education flourished from 1870s to 1940s.

In an era of massive industrialization, corporate
abuse of workers abounded and little social support
for the poor existed.
Jane Addams, who founded Hull House in Chicago in
1889, advocated for better working conditions.
Upton Sinclair in 1906 published about poor working
conditions in Chicago stockyards, in The Jungle.

2-5

Beginning of the Great

Educational Debate
(continued)
In 1873, Francis Wayland Parker, superintendent of

Quincy MA began the first schools using progressive
methods.
John Dewey led the scholarly movement for the study of
progressive methods at University of Chicago from 1986
to 1904.
Other notables: Edward Thorndike, G. Stanley Hall, and
William H. Kilpatrick.

2-6

Backlash of the 1950s
NEA and US Office of Education supported vocational education

curriculum for majority of students who were not going to
college that led to many nonacademic courses.
Backlash against progressive education:
Arthur E. Bestor (1953). Educational Wastelands:

the Retreat from Learning in Our Public Schools.
Vice Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, Education and
Freedom.
Albert Lynd, Quackery in the Public Schools.
Mortimer Smith, The Diminished Mind: A Study of
Planned Mediocrity in Our Public Schools.
Robert Maynard Hutchins, Education for Freedom.

2-7

Backlash of the 1950s

(continued)
Sputnik II, launched by Soviet Union on October 4, 1957.

National Defense Education Act (NDEA) passes in 1958.
Progressive Education swept aside.
Yet against the backdrop of Vietnam War, progressive
views return.
John Holt, Jonathan Kozol, Herbert Kohl.

2-8

The Contemporary Debate on

Schooling
A. Bartlett Giamatti, former President of Yale, described

truth as a dynamic compound of opposites.
Similar to the current literature on US educationan
amalgam of opposites for understanding the state of
schooling.
Began with the 1983 Reagan White House report A
Nation at Risk.
Reported the numerous failures of US education,

based on no evidence cited in the report.

2-9


Schooling (continued)
We report to the American people that while we can

take justifiable pride in what our schools and colleges
have historically accomplished and contributed to the
United States and the well-being of its people, the
educational foundations of our society are presently
being eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that
threatens our very future as a Nation and a people (A
Nation at Risk, 1983).
Thomas Sowell, (1993). Inside American Education: The
Decline, the Deception, the Dogmas.

210


Schooling (continued)
David Berliner and Bruce Biddle (1995). The Manufactured Crisis: Fraud,
and the Attack on Americas Public Schools.
Identified myths such as:
Student achievement in U.S. primary schools has

recently declined.
The performance of U.S. college students has also
fallen recently.
The United States spends a lot more money on its
schools than other nations do.
Investing in the schools has not brought success.
Indeed, money is unrelated to school performance.
Gerald Bracey, former columnist for Phi Delta Kappan.

Richard Rothstein (1998). The Way We Were.
In his study of educational history, he never found the golden

age. Schools aint what they used to be and probably never
were.

211

The Paradigm Shift in

Education
What comprises intelligence?

Traditional definitions of intelligence.
Reason, problem solve, comprehend ideas.
Can be measured accurately.
Is a unitary whole.
Is fixed and unchangeable.
Alfred Binetdeveloped with Theodore Simon the first
intelligence test, Binet-Simon scale. In 1905.
Intelligence is normally distributed and can be
quantified as an IQ.

212

A New Paradigm or Lake

Wobegon
Lake Wobegon Syndrome
The need for a new paradigm.

213

Multiple Intelligences
Theory
The following individuals paved the way for Gardners

work on Multiple Intelligence
Jean Piagetlogical processes build and mature over
time.
Jerome Brunerprofessed a constructivist
philosophy of learning.
Daniel Golemanused the term emotional
intelligence.

214

Multiple Intelligences
Theory
Howard Garners MIThad a profound impact on

teachers and school leaders.
Perkins Learnable Intelligence Theory.
Perkins Smart Schools
Informed
Energetic
Thoughtful

215

Emotional Intelligence
Peter Salovey and John C. Mayer coined the term

emotional intelligence in 1990.
They defined Emotional Intelligence as the ability to
perceive, access, generate, understand emotions to
promote emotional and intellectual growth.
Daniel Golemans 1995 book Emotional Intelligence
brought the term to the forefront.
He talks about two minds: rational and emotional.

216

Sustainability: The Debate

Continues
The more we try to change schools, the more they stay

the same.
Do we need turnaround specialists to improve
schools?
The need for sustainable leadership to affect
organizational culture.

217

Theory of Action
Theory is systematically organized knowledge thought

to explain observed phenomena. Theory generates
research which helps inform and perhaps change the
theory as new knowledge is created.
Theory of Actiona theory describes a truth which gives
rise to ones judgment as to how the theory can help
deal with practical problems, i.e., a theory of practice.
Example: Modern Western medicine v. Holistic
medicine. Physicians must decide which competing
theories will guide their practice.

218

Theory of Action
(continued)
Kurt Lewin indicated that nothing is more practical than

a good theory.
Theory does four things:
Describes what is going on; Explains it; Predicts
future events under given circumstances, and;
Controls events.
When we internalize and act on a theory of action, that
theory becomes an important element in our theory of
practice.

219

Theory of Practice
Theory of practice is a composite of theories of action

and gives direction to ones professional practice.
A theory of practice for educational leadership rests on
three pillars:
A systematic understanding of the behavior

of adults at work in the school.
An understanding of the organizational
context in which people work.
Leader behavior.
You are challenged to reflect of the theories presented

in this book and to consider how you will use these
ideas in your professional practice.

220

The Game Plan: A Coaching

Metaphor
Every athletic coach is a student of the game who

generates a game plan that is understood and shared
by all team members.
An educational leader must be a student of
organizations and leadership, and he/she needs to
develop a game plan.
The leaders should adapt the game plan as new
knowledge emerges.
In this book, it is appropriate to think of your theory of
practice as your game plan.

221


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Chapter 2

Guiding Concepts of Practice

Organizational Behavior in Education: Leadership and School Reform, 10e

Toward a Theory of Practice

Successful educational leaders are confident and self-assured.

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Two Principal Sources of

One source lies in the different ways in which different

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Great Debate: Traditional

Today traditional conservative concepts have seized the

Traditional education concepts focus on the primacy of

Progressive education concepts focus on the individual,

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Beginning of the Great

Progressive education flourished from 1870s to 1940s.

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Beginning of the Great

In 1873, Francis Wayland Parker, superintendent of

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Backlash of the 1950s

NEA and US Office of Education supported vocational education

Arthur E. Bestor (1953). Educational Wastelands:

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Backlash of the 1950s

Sputnik II, launched by Soviet Union on October 4, 1957.

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Contemporary Debate on

A. Bartlett Giamatti, former President of Yale, described

Reported the numerous failures of US education,

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Contemporary Debate on

We report to the American people that while we can

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Contemporary Debate on

Identified myths such as:

Student achievement in U.S. primary schools has

Gerald Bracey, former columnist for Phi Delta Kappan.

In his study of educational history, he never found the golden

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Paradigm Shift in

What comprises intelligence?

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

A New Paradigm or Lake

Lake Wobegon Syndrome

The need for a new paradigm.

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The following individuals paved the way for Gardners

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Howard Garners MIThad a profound impact on

Organizational Behavior in Education, 10e