Chapter 9 2015 - Motivation and Emotion

Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 9
Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
9-1
LO 9.1 How do psychologists define motivation, and what are the key elements
of the early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation?
Motivation
Motivation the process by which
activities are started, directed, and
continued so that physical or
psychological needs or wants are met
9-2
LO 9.1 How do psychologists define motivation, and what are the key
elements of the early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation?
Instinct Approaches to Motivation

Instincts the biologically determined
and innate patterns of behaviour that
exist in both people and animals
Instinct approach approach to
motivation that assumes people are
governed by instincts similar to those of
other animals
9-3
Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation

Need a requirement of some material (such as food or
water) that is essential for survival of the organism
Drive a psychological tension and physical arousal
arising when there is a need that motivates the organism
to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
Drive-reduction theory approach to motivation that
assumes behaviour arises from physiological needs that
cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the
need and reduce tension and arousal
Homeostasis the tendency of the body to maintain a
steady state
9-4
Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation

Primary drives those drives
that involve needs of the
body, such as hunger and
thirst
Acquired (secondary) drives
those drives that are
learned through experience
or conditioning, such as the
need for money or social
approval
9-5
LO 9.2 What are the characteristics of the three types of needs?
Three Types of Needs

Need for achievement (nAch) a need
that involves a strong desire to succeed
in attaining goals, not only realistic ones
but also challenging ones
Need for affiliation (nAff) the need for
friendly social interactions and
relationships with others
Need for power (nPow) the need to
have control or influence over others
9-6
LO 9.3 What are the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to
motivation?
Arousal Approach to Motivation
Stimulus motive a motive that

appears to be unlearned but
causes an increase in
stimulation, such as curiosity
Arousal theory theory of
motivation in which people are
said to have an optimal (best or
ideal) level of tension that they
seek to maintain by increasing
or decreasing stimulation
9-7
motivation?

Yerkes-Dodson law law stating performance is
related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal
lead to better performance than do levels of
arousal that are too low or too high.
This effect varies with the difficulty of the task:
Easy tasks require a high-moderate level.
Difficult tasks require a low-moderate level.
9-8
motivation?
Sensation seeker someone who needs

more arousal than the average person
9-9
motivation?
Incentive Approaches to Motivation
Incentives things that attract or lure people

into action
Incentive approaches theories of motivation
in which behaviour is explained as a response
to the external stimulus and its rewarding
properties
9-10
LO 9.4 How do Maslows humanistic approach and self-determination theory

explain motivation, and how has evolutionary theory changed how researchers
view Maslows hierarchy?
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Self-actualization according to Maslow,
the point that is seldom reached at which
people have sufficiently satisfied the lower
needs and achieved their full human
potential
Peak experiences according to Maslow,
times in a persons life during which selfactualization is temporarily achieved
9-11

9-17

explain motivation, and how has evolutionary theory changed how researchers view
Maslows hierarchy?

13
9-18
Motivation as a Continuum
Extrinsic motivation type of motivation
in which a person performs an action
because of the potential external
rewards that may be obtained as a
result
Intrinsic motivation type of motivation
in which a person performs an action
because the act itself is rewarding or
satisfying in some internal manner
9-14

Self-Determination Theory of Motivation

Self-determination theory (SDT) theory of
human motivation in which the social
context of an action has an effect on the
type of motivation existing for the action
9-15

explain motivation, and how has evolutionary theory changed how
researchers view Maslows hierarchy?
Self-Determination Theory of Motivation

Organismic Integration Theory (OIT) describes four
forms of extrinsic motivation and places these along a
continuum of internalization ranging from completely
non-self-determined (amotivation) to completely selfdetermined (intrinsic motivation)
9-16
LO 9.5 What biological and social factors influence hunger?
Hunger: Bodily Causes

Insulin a hormone secreted by the pancreas
to control the levels of fats, proteins, and
carbohydrates in the body by reducing the
level of glucose in the bloodstream
Glucagons hormones that are secreted by
the pancreas to control the levels of fats,
proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by
increasing the level of glucose in the
bloodstream
9-17
Hunger: Bodily Causes

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) area of
the hypothalamus involved in stopping the
eating response when glucose levels increase
Lateral hypothalamus (LH) involved in
initiating eating when insulin levels increase
Weight set point the particular level of weight
that the body tries to maintain
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) the rate at which
the body burns energy when the organism is
resting
9-18
9-19
Hunger: Social Causes

Social cues for when meals are to
be eaten
Cultural customs
Use of food as a comfort device or
escape from unpleasantness
Some people may respond to the
anticipation of eating by producing
an insulin response, increasing the
risk of obesity.
9-20
LO 9.6 What are some problems in eating behaviour?
Eating Problems
Obesity a condition in which the body
weight of a person is 20 percent or more
over the ideal body weight for that persons
height (actual percents vary across
definitions)
Anorexia nervosa a condition in which a
person reduces eating to the point that a
weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal
body weight or more occurs
Bulimia a condition in which a person
develops a cycle of bingeing, or
overeating enormous amounts of food at
one sitting, and purging, or using
inappropriate compensatory behaviour in
attempt to get rid of food after eating
9-21
Biological Factors and Eating Problems

Leptin a hormone that, when released
into the bloodstream, signals the
hypothalamus that the body has had
enough food and reduces the appetite
while increasing the feeling of being full
Role of leptin in obesity
Genetics and obesity
Genetics may play a part in anorexia and
bulimia, as well as insensitivity to leptin.
9-22
Social Factors and Eating Problems

Higher rates of eating disorders in
Western than non-Western cultures
Different reasons for eating disturbances
across cultures
For example, anorexia in Western cultures is
associated with a fear of being fat, but
starving for religious reasons is observed in
some cultures.
9-23
LO 9.7 What is the difference between intracellular thirst and extracellular thirst?
Intracellular and
Extracellular Thirst
Thirst is a basic biological drive.
Humans can survive only three to five days without
water.
Intracellular thirst is triggered by a loss of fluid
within cell bodies.
Extracellular thirst is triggered by a loss of fluid
between bodily cells.
9-24
LO 9.8 How is the sex drive different from the hunger and thirst drives?
Sex
The sex drive differs from drives such as thirst or hunger.
Unlike hunger and thirst, sex is not related to bodily need
states.
Sex is an important motivator, but sex is not essential for
personal survival.
It is, however, essential for species survival.
9-25
LO 9.9 What are the physical differences between females and males, and what
does it mean to be intersex?
Intersex Individuals
Intersex people/people with intersex
conditions/experiences people who
possess ambiguous sexual organs, making
it difficult to determine actual sex from a
visual inspection at birth (formerly referred
to as hermaphroditism)
Many intersexuals are seeking to stop the
common practice of surgically altering
infants.
Infants are unable to give consent and
surgery could be delayed.
Cheryl Chase is an
intersex individual,
a person who has mixed
or ambiguous male and
female sex organs.
9-26
LO 9.10 How did Kinsey study human sexual behaviour, and what were the
findings of the Janus Report?
Kinsey Studies
Series of sexual behaviour surveys in the late
1940s and early 1950s
Revealed some highly controversial findings
about the kinds of sexual behaviour common
among people in the United States, including:
Homosexuality
Premarital sex
Extramarital sex
9-27
LO 9.10 How did Kinsey study human sexual behaviour, and what were the findings
of the Janus Report?
28
9-28
LO 9.10 How did Kinsey study human sexual behaviour, and what were the findings
of the Janus Report?
29
9-29
LO 9.10 How did Kinsey study human sexual behaviour, and what were the
findings of the Janus Report?
Janus Report
Large-scale survey of sexual behaviour in

the United States in 1990s
Did not differ widely from those of Kinsey
but looked at many more types of sexual
behaviour and factors related to sexual
behaviour, including:
Sexual deviance behaviour that is
unacceptable according to societal norms
and expectations
9-30
LO 9.11 What are the different sexual orientations, and how do they develop?
Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation a persons
sexual attraction preference for
members of a particular sex
Heterosexual person attracted
to the opposite sex
Homosexual person attracted
to the same sex
These women are celebrating Bisexual person attracted to
their wedding day. While Canada
has allowed same-sex marriages
both men and women
since 2005, Vermont is one of
very few U.S. states that allow a
civil union between same-sex
couples.
9-31
their development
32
9-32
Development of Sexual Orientation

Is sexual orientation a product of environment,
biology, or both?
Controversial study by Simon LeVay (1991) found
an area of the hypothalamus that is three times
larger in men than in women.
This same area was found to be smaller in a small
group of homosexual men.
Other studies support the role of genetics in sexual
orientation.
But the role of social factors must be acknowledged.
9-33
LO 9.12 What are the three elements of emotion?
Elements of Emotion
Emotion the subjective feeling
aspect of consciousness, characterized
by a certain physical arousal, a certain
behaviour that reveals the emotion to
the outside world, and an inner
awareness of feelings
9-34
The Physiology of Emotion

Bodily responses are one possible
component of an emotion.
Physiological arousal is one type of
bodily response.
The sympathetic nervous system creates
this arousal.
The amygdala (in the limbic system of the
brain) is associated with fear and
processing of facial expressions of
human emotions.
9-35
Culture and Emotional

Expression
Emotional expressions are another type of

bodily response.
Certain emotions and the related facial
expressions appear to be universal.
Display rules or learned ways of controlling
emotional expression in public situations
differ between cultures.
9-36
LO 9.13 How does culture affect the expression and interpretation of emotional
expressions?
9-37
expressions?
Subjective Experience
Appraising and labelling our subjective
experience is a second possible
component of an emotion.
Labelling is a cognitive function that is
influenced by a variety of factors (e.g.,
culture, personality).
The subjective feeling itself constitutes a
third possible component of an emotion.
9-38
expressions?
Common Sense Theory of Emotion

A stimulus leads to a feeling, which then
leads to bodily arousal.
9-39
LO 9.14 How do the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion differ?
James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Theory in which a physiological reaction
determines the labeling of an emotion;
each feeling has a distinct physiological
pattern; without a physiological reaction,
there can be no emotion.
9-40
LO 9.14 How do the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion differ?
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Theory in which the physiological
response and the feeling arise
simultaneously in response to the
stimulus; these responses are
completely independent of one another.
9-41
LO 9.15 What are the key elements in cognitive arousal theory, the facial
feedback hypothesis, and the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion?
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

(Cognitive Arousal Theory)
Theory of emotion in which both the
physiological response and the cognitive
appraisal of that response based on cues
from the environment determine the feeling
that is experienced; the appraisal determines
the specific feeling and the strength of the
physiological response determines the
intensity of that feeling.
9-42

43
9-43
Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Theory of emotion that assumes that facial
expressions provide feedback to the brain
concerning the feeling being expressed, which
in turn causes and intensifies the feeling (e.g.,
smile and you will feel happy); research fails to
support this view.
9-44
Cognitive Mediational Theory

Cognitive-mediational theory theory of
emotion in which a stimulus causes an
immediate appraisal and in turn a specific
feeling; this is followed a physiological
response.
9-45

Chapter 9 2015 - Motivation and Emotion

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 9 2015 - Motivation and Emotion

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Motivation and Emotion

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

Instinct Approaches to Motivation

Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation

Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation

LO 9.2 What are the characteristics of the three types of needs?

Three Types of Needs

Arousal Approach to Motivation

Stimulus motive a motive that

Arousal Approach to Motivation

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

Arousal Approach to Motivation

Sensation seeker someone who needs

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

Incentive Approaches to Motivation

Incentives things that attract or lure people

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

LO 9.4 How do Maslows humanistic approach and self-determination theory

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

LO 9.4 How do Maslows humanistic approach and self-determination theory

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

LO 9.4 How do Maslows humanistic approach and self-determination theory

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

LO 9.4 How do Maslows humanistic approach and self-determination theory

Self-Determination Theory of Motivation

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

LO 9.4 How do Maslows humanistic approach and self-determination theory

Self-Determination Theory of Motivation

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

LO 9.5 What biological and social factors influence hunger?

Hunger: Bodily Causes

LO 9.5 What biological and social factors influence hunger?

Hunger: Bodily Causes

LO 9.5 What biological and social factors influence hunger?

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

LO 9.5 What biological and social factors influence hunger?

Hunger: Social Causes

LO 9.6 What are some problems in eating behaviour?

LO 9.6 What are some problems in eating behaviour?

Biological Factors and Eating Problems

LO 9.6 What are some problems in eating behaviour?

Social Factors and Eating Problems

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

Large-scale survey of sexual behaviour in

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

Development of Sexual Orientation

LO 9.12 What are the three elements of emotion?

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

LO 9.12 What are the three elements of emotion?

The Physiology of Emotion

LO 9.12 What are the three elements of emotion?

Culture and Emotional

Emotional expressions are another type of

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

Common Sense Theory of Emotion

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

LO 9.14 How do the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion differ?

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.

LO 9.14 How do the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion differ?