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Film Interpretation
Jim Carswell
Presentation Outline
Morning 8:00am 11:00
Interpretation/perception
Review
Radiography
Welding processes
Appearance and classification of defects
Scenarios
Getting Started
Attitude & professionalism
Fair but firm
Make Sure you are right! second
opinion before you make the call
Perception
Distortion
Illusion
Detection
average
extraordinary
above average
very observant
extremely observant
Equipment
Viewer/densitometer
Viewing conditions
Tools
When in doubt
Ask for 2nd opinion
Re-shoot
Grind & re-shoot
Radiography
Contact - DWSV
Elliptical - DWDV
Radiographic film
Film processing
WELDING
Joining materials at the atomic/molecular level
Terminology
WELDING DEFECTS
Welding technique
Cleaning
(Porosity, Fusion, Tungsten & Slag)
POROSITY
Causes:
Contamination
Moisture
Environment wind, etc.
Porosity
Porosity
Incomplete Penetration
Incomplete Penetration
Incomplete Penetration
Incomplete Penetration
Interpass Slag
Interpass Slag
Burn Through
Cause:
Welding technique
Poor joint fit-up
Burn Through
Burn Through
Root Concavity
Cause:
Welding technique
Poor joint fit-up
Root Concavity
Root Concavity
Undercut
Cause:
Welding technique excessive heat
Internal Undercut
Internal Undercut
External Undercut
External Undercut
Excessive Penetration
Cause:
Welding technique excessive arc
penetration
Poor joint fit-up
Excessive Penetration
Excessive Penetration
Lack of Fill
Cause:
Welding technique
Lack of Fill
Lack of Fill
Tungsten Inclusion
Cause:
Welding technique
Tungsten Inclusions
Tungsten Inclusions
Mismatch - Hi low
Cause:
Poor joint fit-up
Mismatch
Mismatch
Weld Spatter
Cause:
Poor joint fit-up
Welding technique
Miscellaneous
Scratches
Chemical Stains
Light Leaks
Static Marks
Artifacts
Water marks
Crimp marks
API 1104
Welding of Pipelines And Related Facilities
AWS D1.1
Structural Welding Code - Steel
ASME B31.3
and
Appendix 4
Film interpretation acceptance
criteria for Process Piping onplot facilities
API 1104
AWS D1.1
Film interpretation acceptance
criteria for structures
Film Assessments
Quality System
Obtain a copy of the Purchase Order or applicable
legal document for each assessment (project)
Highest document in the pyramid
Agreement that binds two parties
Schedule Q & SAEP 1150
Determine the applicable Codes and revisions for
the project
Film Assessments
Quality System
Approved personnel
Valid Saudi Aramco RTFI card
Company certification
Visual acuity examination
Jaeger #1 & Ishara color plates
Approved NDT procedures approval letter from
NDTU for each project
Film Assessments
Quality System
Condition of Equipment
Sources
Film Processing tanks, dryer, chemicals,
timers, time/temperature conversion charts
IQIs number belts ect.
Film Viewers
Facility
Film Assessments
Film Quality - Guidelines
Many things make up film quality
Density, Sensitivity, IQI, ID, F, scratches,
crimp marks
Density of weld is 2-4 & Parent material over 4.0
Sensitivity wire not required across entire weld
IQI damage bent, touching or crossing
Film Assessments
Film Quality - Guidelines
ID - traceable with all required information
F for film-side techniques
Scratches & crimp marks
Black letter B NOT required
Weld spatter use one inch to verify acceptability
Film Assessments
Weld Quality - Guidelines
If the measurement it is on the line give it to them
When in doubt ask for a second opinion or re-shoot
Use film digitizer for close calls
Stay on solid ground
Film Assessments
Weld Quality - Guidelines
Use Acc/Rej straight from the applicable code
avoid second-hand documents.
Ethics Discussion recent unethical findings of NDT
contractor
Duplication of radiographs
NDT technicians not certified
Conflict of interest
Getting Started
Attitude & professionalism
Fair but firm
Make Sure you are right! second
opinion before you make the call
END