Engr.

Rizaldo Fuentes

Physics is the scientific study

of matter and energy and how
they interact with each other.

The METRIC SYSTEM is a modern

system, with all measurements
based on the decimal system.
The ENGLISH SYSTEM is more
ancient, and it has it's roots from the
then more common measurements.

Quantity

Unit Name

Symbol

length

meter

mass

kilogram

kg

time

second

electrical current

ampere

temperature

kelvin

amount of
substance

mole

mol

luminous intensity

candela

cd

The mathematical quantities that are used

to describe the motion of objects.
SCALAR

VECTOR

described by a
magnitude (or
numerical value)
alone.

described by both a
magnitude and a
direction.

A little turtle is placed at the origin of

an xy-grid drawn on a large sheet of paper.
Each grid box is 1.o cm by 1.0 cm. The
turtle walks around for a while and finally
ends up at point (24,10). Determine the
displacement of the turtle from the origin
at the point.

Answer: 26 cm angle 23 degrees above x-axis

Law of Inertia
Galileo believed that when you slide a
perfectly smooth object on a frictionless
floor the object would travel forever.

An object will remain at rest or

move with constant velocity when
there is no net force acting on it.

Law of Acceleration

F=ma

When the net force acting on an

object is not zero, the object will
accelerate at the direction of the
exerted force.
The acceleration is directly proportional to the net
force and inversely proportional to the mass.

Law of Reaction
When one object applies a force on a
second object, the second object applies
a force on the first that has an equal
magnitude but opposite direction.
When you kick the wall, the wall kicks you back
with equal force. As a result you will get hurt.

MASS

WEIGHT

shows the quantity

shows the size of

the gravity

Your mass doesn't change when you go to the

Moon, but your weight does.

W mg
W = weight of the object
m = mass of the object
g = acceleration due to gravity

9.81 m/s

32.1 ft/s

A 900kg car is going 20 m/s along a level

road. How large a constant retarding force
is required to stop it in a distance of 30
m?

Answer: 6 kN

FRICTION
Friction is defined as the limited amount of resistance
to sliding between the surface of two bodies in contact.
Friction acts parallel to the contacting surfaces.
P

F N

F
N

tan

Static friction friction on stationary body.

Dynamic friction friction on bodies in motion.

Problem
A 1600 N block is in contact with a plane inclined at

30 degrees. A force P parallel to the plane and acting

up the plane is applied to the body. The coefficient of
friction is 0.20. Find
(a)the value of P to just cause the motion to impend
up the plane,
(b)the value of P to just prevent the motion down the
plane,
(c)the magnitude and direction of frictional force if P =
900N.

Answer : a. 1077.128 N
b. 522.871 N
c. 100 N, down the plane

Law of Universal Gravitation

FG G

m1m2
2

G 6.67x1011Nm2 / kg2

The Earths radius is about 6370 km. An

object that has a mass of 20kg is taken to
a height of 160 km above the Earths
surface. How much does the object weigh at
this height?

Answer: 0.19 kN

The radius of the Earth is about 6370 km,

while that of Mars is about 3440 km. If an
object weighs 200N on Earth, what would it
weigh and what would be the acceleration
due to gravity on Mars? The mass of Mars is
0.11 that of Earth.

Answer: 75 N, 3.7 m/s^2

CENTRIPETAL FORCE / CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

The centripetal force is a real force on the body
towards the center of rotation.
The centrifugal force is an apparent force on the
body directed away from the center of rotation.

Fcp Fcf
2

v
ac
r

Fcp

WV
mv
Fcf

gr
r

A 200 g object is tied to the end of a cord

and whirled in a horizontal circle of
radius 1.2 m at a constant 3 rev/s. Assume
that the cord is horizontal. Determine the
acceleration of the object.

Answer: 426 m/s^2

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
If there is no force other than
friction:
Fcf

Fcf
FFRICTION

Fcff F riction

WORK

transfer of energy

W Fd

application of a
force over a
distance

ENERGY

ability of an object
to do work for
whatever reason.

Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy

energy of position

energy available
because of the
object's motion

PE mgh

1
2
KE mV
2

A uniform rectangular marble slab is 3.4m

long and 2 m wide. It has a mass of 180kg.
If it is originally lying on the flat
ground, how much work is needed to stand it
on end?

Answer: 3 kJ

A 0.50 kg ball falls past a window that is

1.5 m in vertical length. How much did the
KE of the ball increase as it fell past the
window? If its speed was 3 m/s at the top
of the window, what was its speed at the
bottom?

Answer: 7.4 J and 6.2 m/s

Conservation of Energy
In any closed system, the total
amount of energy remains constant
regardless of any process which
takes place.

energy in = energy out

A 1200 kg car is coasting down a 30 degrees

hill. At a time when the cars speed is 12
m/s the driver applies the brakes. What
constant force F (parallel to the road)
must result if the car is to stop after
travelling 100m?

Answer: 6.7 kN

rate of doing work or changing

energy.

W E
P

t
t
The unit of power is the watt, W which is
the J/s.

A 0.25hp motor is used to lift a load at

the rate of 5.0 cm/s. How great a load can
if lift at this constant speed?

Answer: 381 kg

MOMENTUM

The object is moving

and is going to be
hard to stop.

To stop the object, it is necessary to apply

a force against its motion for a given period
of time.
momentum is changed IMPULSE

MOMENTUM

IMPULSE

calculated by
multiplying the mass
and velocity of an
object.

change in
momentum

p mV

p m V
I F t

Conservation of Momentum
The total linear momentum of a
system of colliding bodies, with no
external forces acting, remains
constant.
momentum before = momentum after

A 16g mass is moving in the (+)x-direction

at 30 cm/s while a 4g mass is moving in the
()x direction at 50 cm/s. They collide
head on and stick together. Find their
velocity after the collision.

Answer: 0.14 m/s in the (+) x direction

Two balls of equal mass approach the

coordinate origin, one moving downward
along the (+)y-axis at 2 m/s and the other
moving to the right along ()x-axis at 3
m/s. After they collide, one ball moves out
to the right along the (+)x-axis at 1.2
m/s. Find the scalar x and y velocity
components of the other ball.

Answer: Vx = 1.8 m/s, Vy = - 2 m/s

A 15g bullet is fired horizontally into a

3kg block of wood suspended by a long cord.
The bullet sticks in the block. Compute the
speed of the bullet if the impact causes
the block to swing 10 cm above its initial
level.

Answer: 0.28 km/s

Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision

part of the kinetic
there is no loss
energy is changed
of kinetic energy in to some other form
the collision
of energy in the
collision
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
m1u1 m2u2 m1v1 m2 v 22
2
2
2
2

Coefficient of Restitution
a variable number with no units, with
limits from zero to one

V2A V2B
e
V1B V1A

h2
e
h1

A 1.0 kg ball moving at 12 m/s collides

head on with a 2 kg ball moving in the
opposite direction at 24 m/s. Determine the
motion of the each after impact if the
collision is perfectly elastic.

Answer: V1 = - 36 m/s, V2 = 0

A motion, which repeat itself over

and over again after a regular
interval of time.
Revolution of earth around the sun
Motion of hour hand of a clock

The fixed interval of time after

which the motion is repeated
Revolution of
earth around the
sun

one year

Motion of hour
hand of a clock

12 - hour

Motion in which a body moves back

and forth repeatedly about a fixed
point in a definite interval of time.

Motion of the pendulum of a wall clock

Motion of a load attached to a spring,
when it is pulled and then released

Free Vibratory
Motion

Forced Vibratory
Motion

an object is made to
vibrate with an initial
application of force
and then allowed to
vibrate freely

when a force is
applied to an object at
regular intervals which
causes to move back
and forth

Time Period

seconds (s)
Frequency

Hertz (Hz)

the least interval of time

after which the periodic
motion repeats itself
the number of periodic
motions executed by
body per second

special type of periodic motion

particle moves back and forth
repeatedly about a mean position
under a restoring force
Restoring force Displacement

Restoring force Displacement

F kx
F = restoring force
x = displacement of the particle
k = force constant (Newton/meter)

When a 400g mass is hung at the end of a

vertical spring, the spring stretches 35
cm. What is the spring constant of the
spring, and how much further will it
stretch if an additional 400g mass is hung
from it?

Answer: 11 N/m, 0.7 m

Energy Interchange

KE PEe constant
1
1 2 1
2
2
mv kx kx o
2
2
2

Acceleration of the
restoring force

k
a x
m

Time period of motion

m
T 2
k

A 200g mass vibrates horizontally without

friction at the end of a horizontal spring
for which k =7 N/m. The mass is displaced 5
cm from equilibrium and released. Find
a.Maximum speed
b.Acceleration at maximum speed
c.period

Answer: 0.3 m/s, 0, 1.06 sec

frictionless
the pendulum
pivot
swings back and
forth with periodic amplitude
massless
motion against the
rod
pivot point
bobs
trajectory

equilibrium
position

massive
bob

Time period of motion

Spring Factor

mg
k
L

L
m
T 22
kg

m = mass of the bob

L = length of the
simple pendulum

When a mass is hung on a spring, the spring

stretches 6 cm. Determine its period of
vibration if it is then pulled down a
little and released.

Answer: T = 0.49 s

Johannes Kepler (15711630)

- He is a German Astronomer who formulated the Keplers

law. The laws are applicable to any two bodies in space that
interact through gravitation where the larger is called
primary and smaller as the satellite or secondary.

First Law
A satellite will orbit around a primary body like Earth
following an elliptical path.

Second Law or Law of

For equal intervals of time, a satellite will sweep out equal
Areas
areas in the orbital plane, focused at the barycenter.

Third Law or Harmonic

Law
The square of the periodic time of orbit is proportional to

the cube of the mean distance between the primary and the
satellite.

a kT

2
3

Density
Density of a material is its
mass per unit volume:
mass of body
m

volume of body V
Density of Water: 1000 kg/m3=1 g/cm3

Measuring Density
For solids

m
103g

3.81 g / ml
V 127ml 100ml

Measuring Density
For Liquids

m 93g 43g

1 g / ml
V
50ml

Measuring Density
For Gases

m 110.2g 110 g

0.0004 g / ml
V
500ml

Specific Gravity
It is the ratio of the density of the
substance to the density of some
standard substance.

sp gr

standard

Standard for solid and liquid:

water (at 4)
1000 kg/m3
Standard for gases:
air
1.3 kg/m3

The mass of a calibrated flask is 25 g when

empty, 75 g when filled with water, and 88
g when filled with glycerin. Find the
specific gravity of glycerin.

Answer: 1.26

FLUID
STATICS
Pascals Principle
For static fluids, the force exerted on any particle within the fluid is the
same in all directions.
The pressure exerted by the fluid is perpendicular to the interior walls at
every point.

F
F

F
F

F
F

Average Pressure
force acting normal to an area
Average pressure
area over which the force is distributed

F
P
A
The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa),
1 Pa = 1 N/m2

Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure is due to a column of
fluid of height h and mass density .

P gh
h

When a submarine dives to a depth of 120 m,

to how large a total pressure is its
exterior surface subjected? The density of
seawater is about 1.03 g/cm^3.

Answer: 1.31 MPa

Pascals Principle
When the pressure on any part of a confined
fluid (liquid or gas) is change, the pressure on
every other part of the fluid is also changed
by the same amount.
Fi
Fo
Input

Fi
FoOutput
Ai
Ao
Ai

do

di

Ao

Ai d i Ao d o
Fi di Fo d o

In a hydraulic press such as the one shown,

The large piston has cross-sectional area
A1 = 200 cm^2 and the small piston has
cross-sectional area A2=5 cm^2. If a force
of 250 N is applied to the small piston,
find the force F1 on the large piston.

Answer: 10 kN

Archimedes Principle
A body wholly or partly immersed in a
fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the
weight of the fluid it displaces. The
buoyant force can be considered to act
vertically upward through the center of
gravity of the displaced fluid.

FB

FB weight of displaced fluid

Archimedes Principle

What must be the volume V of a 5kg balloon

filled with helium (density of helium =
0.178 kg/m^3) if it is to lift a 30kg load?
Use air density = 1.29 kg/m^3

Answer: 32 m^3

Energy Equation
The energy of the flowing fluid per unit time passing
any upstream section is the same as the energy per
unit time passing any downstream section plus the
loss of head between two sections.

Bernoullis Equation:

1
1
2
P1 v1 h1 g P2 v2 2 h2 g L
2
2

The pipe shown has a diameter of 16 cm at

section 1 and 10 cm at section 2. At
section 1 the pressure is 200kPa. Point 2
is 6m higher than point 1. When oil density
800 kg/m^3 flows at a rate of 0.030 m^3/s,
find the pressure at point 2 if viscous
effects are negligible.

Answer: 1.5 x 10^5 kPa