A project report on

PLANNING FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING:

INDUSTRIAL AREA
PRESENTED BY

GUIDE
Mrs. Hemaxi G. Khalasi
(Lecturer)
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
S.T.B.S. COLLEGE OF DIPLOMA ENGINEERING, SURAT
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
December, 2011

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
STUDY AREA PROFILE
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
RWH SYSTEM DESIGN
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
2

INTRODUCTION

General
Millions of people throughout the world do not have access to
clean water for domestic purposes.

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has thus regained its importance

as a valuable alternative or supplementary water resource.

People collect and store rainwater in buckets, tanks, ponds and

wells.
Rainwater harvesting is a simple low-cost technique that
requires minimum specific expertise or knowledge and offers
many benefits.
4

Research definition & Objectives

Water harvesting in its broadest sense can be defined as the
collection of run-off rainwater for domestic water supply,
agriculture and environmental management.
Following are the main objectives of the study.
To study the techniques of R.W.H. in developed & developing
nation.
To conduct field survey in surat city , where R.W.H. techniques
is introduced.
To design proposals for the rise in Ground Water Table (GWT)
and used rain water in industrial area at Surat city.
To prepare working modal based on design.
5

Need for rainwater harvesting

Due to pollution of both groundwater and surface waters, and
the overall increased demand for water resources is increase.
Therefore they have to turn to alternative or new resources
like rainwater harvesting (RWH).
Rainwater harvesting has been used for ages and examples can
be found in all the great civilizations throughout history.

The technology can be very simple or complex depending on

the specific local circumstances.

larger sub-surface and surface tanks are used for collecting

larger amounts of rainwater.
6

Identifying Problem
To increase ground water level in and around Surat city, Surat
Municipal Corporation (SMC) has decided to dig bore wells to
solve the water scarcity problem.
"Ground water level in Surat is going down rapidly.
Water is a basic need that every human on the earth needs in
order to survive.
This semester the Rainwater Harvesting project main goal is to
help educate and raise awareness of rainwater harvesting in
the Surat city area.
7

Expected Outcome
Surat Municipal Corporation considered being one of the most
active and resourceful corporation in the state.
Surat Municipal Corporation has also been making efforts to
promote Rain Water Harvesting at household level.
The proposed implementation plan has been formulated after
taking into account the following data.
Topography of the data
Depth to water and water level records
Water level elevation maps
Rain fall data of last five years
Water logging and flooding of the areas
Site surveys
Geology and hydrology of area
8

Research Methodology
Identifying
Problems
Literature Survey
Study objectives & Scope
Industrial Survey

Field Survey

Inventory Study

Data Analysis
RWH Design
Conclusions
9

LITERATURE REVIEW

NATIONAL RESEARCHES
Ref. Year
NO.
9

10

Author

Research Contribution

2000 Dr. D. K. Chadha, The principle of collecting and using

precipitation from a catchment surface.
Any man-made scheme or facility
that adds water to an aquifer may be
considered to be an artificial recharge
system.
2006 Dr. L. Minaketan Introduction of Ferro-cement tank as safe
Singh
water reservoir
Popularisation of rain water harvesting
techniques in the state.

11

2011

Dr. S.C. Dhiman

To maintain sustainability of ground water

resources artificial recharge to ground water
is being practiced.

22

2001

S. Vishvanath

Water harvesting is also defined as the

process of collecting and storing water from
an area that has been treated to increase
precipitation runoff.

International Researches On RWH

Ref.
No.

Year

Author

2007

2011

B. R. T. Vilane
and
E. J. Mwendera

2007

Brown, R.

Research Contribution

Adrienne
Urgent Freshwater Problems
LaBranche, Hans- Virginia Rainwater Harvesting Application
Otto Wack
Future of Rainwater Harvesting
RWH methodology and sampling
Water harvesting technologies
Water harvesting catchments materials
What is RWH?

Roof Runoff Rainwater Harvesting Systems

2008

Christopher Kloss Rainwater Harvesting Policies

Reduces erosion in urban environments

2005

Dr. Hari J.
Krishna

Water Balance and System Sizing

Rainwater Harvesting Guidelines

20

200
8

Manoj P. Samuel
and A.C. Mathew

Storing of rainwater:
1. Storing in artificial storage
2. In the soil media groundwater

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

As the Centre for Science and Environment, Delhi (India) puts it

CATCH WATER WHERE IT FALLS would be a good definition
of rainwater harvesting.
The process of rainwater harvesting would encompass catching
rainwater, directing it to an appropriate location, filtering it if
required and storing it for use.
A number of alternative technologies are available for rooftop
harvesting and storage to suit the varying situations and the
budgets.

ELEMENTS OF RWH SYSTEM

COMMON RWH SYSTEM ELEMENTS

BASIC WATER REQUIREMENT

Indirectly pumped systems

Rainwater is initially held
in a storage tank and then
pumped to a header tank
within the building, which is
usually located within the
roof void.

Low cost pumps and

simple controls are possible
and systems tend to be energy
efficient as the pump runs at
full flow.
If the storage tank is full, any additional incoming water will exit
via an overflow and will normally be disposed of either or a soak
away infiltration device or sewer.

Directly pumped systems

In a directly pumped
system
rainwater
is
initially held in a storage
tank and then pumped
directly to the point of use
when required.

If the storage tank is full, any additional incoming water will

exit via an overflow and will normally be disposed of either to a
soak away/infiltration device or sewer.

Gravity fed systems

The main advantages of
gravity fed systems are that
they do not require a pump or
electrical supply as is the
case with the direct and
indirect versions.
The main disadvantages
are that the water pressure is
likely to be less than that of
the main supply.
Gravity fed systems differs from the direct and indirect variants
primarily in that the main storage tank is located within the roof
void of the building.

STUDY AREA PROFILE

General
The development of ground water in different areas of the
country has not been uniform.
Water requirement for industries is more.
Industries require water for processing, cooling, boiler feed and
other miscellaneous uses such as washing, maintenance of yards
and domestic requirement in townships.
Main source of water for Surat is the river Tapi flowing through
the city.

Location of the Surat City

Ta
pi

iv
er

Hazira

Surat City

Surat City

Surat

SURAT CITY PROFILE

Surat city is located in the southern part of

Gujarat at 21 12' N latitude and 72 52' E
longitude on the southern bank of river
Tapi.
It is located at a height of 13 meters above
mean sea level.
The city forms a major urban core in the
Ahmedabad Mumbai regional corridor,
centrally placed between both the
settlements, at a distance of 260 kms. north
of Bombay and 224 kms. south of
Ahmedabad.

LAND USE PATTERN FOR SUDA

SR
NO

Types of Zone

Area in
1978

Area in
1995

Area in
2004

Residential

2695.60

3.9.96

6189.00

46.77

9806.18

57.54

Commercial

141.30

2.09

256.00

1.93

415.72

2.44

Industrial

1006.40

14.92

2784.00

21.04

3023.40

17.74

Educational / Public
purpose

540

8.00

735.00

5.55

579.82

3.40

Recreation/ garden
and open space

22.21

0.33

58.00

0.44

106.61

0.63

Transport and
communication

790.92

11.72

1661.00

12.55

1661.41

9.16

Agriculture

1550.00

22.98

1550.00

11.71

1550.00

9.09

Urbanized area

6746.43

100.00

13233.00

100.00

17143.14

100.00

58967.00

55056.86

72200.00

72200.00

Non urbanized area 65453.57

Total

72200.00

LAND USE PATTERN FOR SUDA

Category Wise Land use Distribution in the SMC

Zones (%)

SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY

Surface Water Sources
Main source of water for the city has been the river Tapi since centuries.
Surat city has grown at a very spur growth rate so to harness the river water for flood
control, agriculture, power generation, domestic and industrial purposes the Kakarapar
weir, the Ukai dam and Singanpore weir were constructed in the year 1954, 1972 and
1995 respectively.

Daily average water supply in SMC

SOUTH ZONE: STUDY AREA

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

31

Survey method:
1 Inventory study

Detail reports of Pandesara G.I.D.C.

Map location of industry area.
Detail maps of Surat city.
Rainfall data of past 05 years.

2 Field Survey
This survey was carried out for industrial
area by using prepared questionnaires.

32

Study Parameters

Source of water
Roof type
Present gain water from SMC
Storage tank
Present capacity of tank
Roof area
Present water demand

Questionnaires Design

33

DATA ANALYSIS
Source of water
SOURCE OF WATER
SR NO

SOURCE

SURVEY

SMC

86

BORE WELL

BOTH

TOTAL

89

%
96.63
1.12
2.25
100.00

SOURCE OF WATER
1% 2%
97%

SMC
BORE WELL
BOTH

34

Roof Type

Present gain Water from SMC

PRESENT GAIN WATER FROM SMC
ROOF TYPE

SR NO

TYPE

SURVE
Y

RCC

29

32.58

ROOF/SLOP

39

43.82

BOTH

21

23.60

TOTAL

89

100.00

ROOF TYPE
24%

44%

33%

RCC
ROOF/SLOP
BOTH

SR
NO

LITER

SURV
EY

< 50000

33

37.08

50000 - 200000

10

11.24

200000 - 350000

8.99

350000 - 500000

18

20.22

> 500000

20

22.47

TOTAL

89

100.00

PRESENT GAIN WATER FROM SMC

40.00 37.08
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00

20.22
11.24

8.99

22.47
PERCENTAGE

35

Storage Tank
STORAGE TANK
SR
NO
1

TANK

SURVEY

NONE

30

33.71

UNDERGROUND

30

33.71

ELEVATED

19

21.35

BOTH

10

11.24

TOTAL

89

100.00

STORAGE TANK
21%

11%

NONE
UNDERGROUND
ELEVATED
BOTH

34%

34%

present Capacity of Tank

PRESENT CAPACITY OF TANK
SR NO

LITER

SURVEY

<50000

33

37.08

50000 - 200000

29

32.58

200000 - 350000

12

13.48

350000 - 500000

15

16.85

> 500000

0.00

TOTAL

89

100.00

PRESENT CAPACITY OF TANK

40.0037.08
32.58
35.00
30.00
25.00
16.85
20.00
13.48
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00

PERCENTAGE

0.00
36

Roof Area

Future Water Demand

FUTURE WATER DEMAND

ROOF AREA
SR NO

AREA
(Sq.m)

SR
SURVEY

NO

LITER

SURVEY

< 1000

49

55.06

<25000

30

33.71

1000-2000

16

17.98

25000-50000

36

40.45

2000-3000

4.49

3000-4000

8.99

50000-100000

14

15.73

4000-5000

5.62

>100000

10.11

> 5000

7.87

TOTAL

89

100.00

TOTAL

89

100.00

ROOF AREA
31.46
35.00
30.00
23.60
25.00
20.00
15.73 13.48
15.00
8.99
10.00 6.74
5.00
0.00

PERCENTAGE

FUTURE WATER DEMAND

40.45
45.00
40.00 33.71
35.00
30.00
25.00
15.73
20.00
10.11
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00

PERCENTAGE(%)

37

RWH SYSTEM DESIGN

1. Catchment area
2. Conveyance system

Gutter
First flush devise
Screens

3. Rapid sand filter

4. Storage device
5. Artificial recharge well

38

ROOF CATCHMENT AREA

Runoff coefficients for various catchment types
Type of catchment Coefficients

Co efficient

Roof catchments
Tiles
Corrugated metal sheets

0.8 - 0.9
0.7 - 0.9

Ground surface coverings

Concrete
Brick pavement

0.6 - 0.8
0.5 - 0.6

Untreated ground catchments

Soil on slopes less than 10 percent
Rocky natural catchments

0.1 - 0.3
0.2 - 0.5

The Rational Method is given as

follows:
Supply = rainfall (mm/year) x roof
are (m2) x runoff coefficient
= liters per year

A worked example:
Mean annual rainfall = 650 mm per year
Roof angle = 23 degrees; sine of the angle = 0.3907
Roof area = 60 m (length) x 20m (width) x 0.3907 = 470 m2
Roof surface is smooth corrugated metal. This surface is assumed to have a runoff coefficient
of 0.8

Supply = 650 x 470 x 0.8 = 2, 44,400liters per year.

39

THE CONVEYANCE SYSTEM

Gutters
Roof area
(m2) served
by one
gutter

Gutter width
(mm)

Minimum
downpipe
diameter
(mm)

17
25
34
46
66
128
208

60
70
80
90
100
125
150

40
50
50
63
63
75
90

Sizing gutters and down-pipes for RWH systems

The size (width) of the gutters should be chosen based on the roof section
area. Design length of Roof is 60 meter. Select gutter size based on 1
centimeter per meter or 1/8 inch per foot. So adopt diameter of gutter pipe is
60 centimeter.
40

FIRST FLUSH DEVICE

Volume of diverted water (liters) = Unit length (m) x Unit width (m) x 0.5 (mm)
(Multiply answer by 0.22 to convert the value to imperial gallons)
Pipe length (m) = Volume of diverted water (l) [3.14 x pipe radius 2 (mm) x 0.001]
Pipe length (feet) = Volume of diverted water (gal) x 22.57 (3.14 x pipe radius 2
(inch)

Project Data
Roof length = 60 meters
Roof width = 20 meters
Pipe diameter = 175 mm (7 inch), therefore radius = 87.5 mm (3.5 inch)
(a) Volume of diverted water (liters)
= 60 x 20x 0.5
= 600 liters (or 132 gallons)
(b) Pipe length (m)
=600 [3.14 x (87.5)2 x 0.001]
= 25m
(c) Pipe length (ft.)
= 132 x 22.57 (3.14 x3.52)
= 77.45 ft.

Simple first-flush diverter

Screens:
Screens
prevent
leaves,
particulate matter, and other
objects from entering the
storage tank.
Coarse screens: To prevent
larger size material (leaves,
large insects, small animals)
from entering the tank. A 5 mm
(0.2 inch mesh) installed before
the tank entry is typical.
Fine screens: To exclude
mosquitoes and fine particles
from entering the tank. Insectproof mesh or strong standard
cotton/polypropylene
filters
installed at the inlet and outlet
of the tank is recommended.

Screens to exclude entry of insects and other

potential contaminants
42

RAPID SAND FILTER

Sand filters are commonly available, easy and inexpensive to
construct.
These filters can be employed for treatment of water to
effectively remove turbidity suspended be constructed
domestically, the top layer comprises of coarse sand followed by
a 5-10 mm layer of gravel followed by another 5-25 mm layer of
gravel and boulders.

DESIGNS OF TANKS
To calculate storage tank for industrial use
Area of catchment A= 1200 m3
Average annual rain fall R = 0.65 m (650 mm)
Runoff co efficient C = 0.8
So, annual water harvesting = A x R x C
= 1200 x 0.65 x 0.8
= 624 m3
= 624000 lit.
Water required for industry in dry season = 245 x 20000
= 49 x 105
Factor of safety = 10 %
= 10 % of 49 x 105
= 49 x 104 lit.
= 4900 m3
Industrial use tank = 50 x 33 x 3 m = 4950 m3
44

To calculate storage tank for drinking purpose

Area of catchment A= 1200 m3
Average annual rain fall R = 0.65 m (650 mm)
Runoff co efficient C = 0.8
So, annual water harvesting = A x R x C
`= 1200 x 0.65 x 0.8
= 624. m3
= 624000 lit.
The drinking water requirement for person,
(In dry season) = 245 x 247 x 3
= 181545 liter
As a safety factor = the tank should be built 20% larger than required
Total water required
= 217854 liter
= 217.85 m3
Size of drinking tank is = 10 x 14.5 x 1.5 m = 218 m 3

45

TANK INLET AND OUTLET CONFIGURATIONS

The quality of water
resident in the tank
generally improves with
time. This is because
bacteria will die-off within
2 to 20 days and
suspended particles fall to
the bottom.

TANK OVERFLOW CONFIGURATIONS

An overflow is installed to reduce the
possibility of system collapse during a
rainstorm when the tank may fill
rapidly. Figure shows the simplest
overflow arrangement, although this
means that the better quality water at
the surface will be lost to the outflow
46

ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE WELL

Recharge Pits are constructed for recharging the
shallow aquifers. These are generally on constructed
1 to 2 m. wide and 2 to 3 m. deep.
The size of filter material is generally taken as
below:
Coarse sand: 1.5 - 2 mm 0.7 m depth
Gravels: 5 - 10 mm, 0.3 m depth
Boulders: 5 - 20 mm, 5 m depth

CONCLUSIONS

48

 Major parts of our country have been facing continuous failure of

monsoon and consequent deficit of rainfall over the last few years.
Also, due to ever increasing population of India, the use of ground
water has increased drastically leading to constant depletion of
ground water level causing the wells and tube wells to dry up.
In Surat city river tapi is the main source of drinking water
because underground water level depth is so high. In particularly
in industrial area water demand is so high compare to availability
of water through Surat Municipal Corporation.
According to this crisis this research is help to fulfill water
demand and to uplift underground water level. Rain water
harvesting is the best solution for underground water recharging
and water is used in industrial production work.

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A Contractors guide,(2005) Domestic Rainwater Harvesting in Queensland, Helping Queenslanders Build Better.

Adrienne LaBranche, Hans-Otto Wack,(2007) Virginia Rainwater Harvesting Manual, the Cabell Brand Center, Salem, VA.

B. R. T. Vilane and E. J. Mwendera, (2011) An inventory of rainwater harvesting technologies in Swaziland, African Journal of
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Brown, R. (2007) Rainwater and Grey Water: Technical and economic feasibility, Draft Report. BSRIA Ltd for the Market
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Christopher Kloss, (2008) Rainwater Harvesting Policies, Municipal Handbook, Low Impact Development Center, EPA-833-F-08-010.

Dr. Hari J. Krishna, (2005) The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting, Texas Water Development Board, Austin

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House, Mansingh Road New Delhi-110011.

Dr. L. Minaketan Singh, P.I., (2006) Pilot Project on Rain Water Harvesting in Manipur Manipur Science & Technology Council Central
Jail Road, Imphal - 795 001.

Dr. S.C. Dhiman,(2011) Rain Water and Artificial Recharge, Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, New Delhi.

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THANK YOU

52