What is nervous tissue?

Nervous tissue is specialized to react to stimuli

and to conduct impulses to various organs in
the body which bring about a response to the
stimulus.
Nerve tissue are all made up of specialised
nerve cells called neurons
Neurons are easily stimulated and transmit
impulses very rapidly.
A nerve is made up of many nerve cell fibres
(neurons) bound together by connective tissue.

Types of neurons

motor
(or
efferen
t)
neuron
s

sensory (or
afferent)
neurons

Structure of a Motor Neuron

Classification of Neurons
Unipolar
Neurons.

Multipolar
Neurons.

Sensory
neurons single
process or
fibretwo main
branches (axon
and dendrite)

Motor
neuronsnumer
ous cell
processes (an
axon and many
dendrites)mult
ipolar neurons

Bipolar neurons
Bipolar
neurons
dendrite at
one end and an
axon at the
other

Functions of Nerve Tissue

Nervous tissue allows an organism to sense
stimuli in both the internal and external
environment.
The stimuli are analysed and integrated to
provide appropriate, co-ordinated responses in
various organs.
The afferent or sensory neurons conduct nerve
impulses from the sense organs and receptors
to the central nervous system
Autonomic motor or efferent neurons transmit
impulses to the involuntary muscles and glands.

What is the characteristics of muscle

tissue?
Contractili
ty

Excitabilit
y

Extensibili
ty

Only one
action: to
shorten
Shorteni
ng
generate
s pulling
force

Nerve
fibers
cause
electrical
impulse
to travel

Stretch
with
contracti
on of an
opposing
muscle

Elasticity
Recoils
passively
after
being
stretched

Types of Muscle Tissue

keletal

Attach to and move skeleton

40% of body weight
Fibers = multinucleate cells (embryonic cells fuse)
Cells with obvious striations
Contractions are voluntary

Cardiac: only in the wall

of the heart
Cells are striated
Contractions are
involuntary (not
voluntary)

Smooth: walls of hollow organs

Lack striations
Contractions are involuntary (not voluntary)

Skeletal muscle
Epimysium:
surrounds
whole
muscle

Perimysiu
m is
around
fascicle

Endomysium is around
each muscle fiber

 Each muscle: one nerve, one

artery, one vein
Branch repeatedly

Attachments

One bone to another

Cross at least one movable
joint
Origin: the less movable
attachment
Insertion: is pulled toward the
origin
Usually one bone moves while
the other remains fixed
In muscles of the limb, origin
lies proximal to the insertion
(by convention)
Note: origin and insertion may
switch depending on body
position and movement

Skeletal
Muscle

Skeletal
muscle
Fibers (each is
one cell) have
striations
Myofibrils are
organelles of the
cell: these are
made up of
filaments
Sarcomere
Basic unit of
contraction
Myofibrils are
long rows of
repeating
sarcomeres

This big
cylinder is a
fiber: 1 cell

-an organelle

BONE

What is bone?
~ hard, whitish tissue that makes up the skeletal system of
vertebrates.
Fetuses have cartilages in the shape of future bones which
convert into bones at a later stage ;

a) from the center (earlier stage)

b) from growth plates at the end of bones (later stage)

Babies are born with 300 bones

The bones fuse as they age

An average adult has 206 bones (after fusing)

Bone Growth

Cartilages in the shape of future bones are formed.

Osteoblasts penetrate cartilage to form bone.

How ?

Osteoblasts deposit osteoids which contain sites for Calcium

Phosphate crystal production.
The production and deposition of these mineral crystals give
bone it's hard and strong structure.

Blood vessels develop

Osteoclasts reshape the bone forms a central cavity

Central cavity contains the bone marrow.

How do bones elongate?

New cartilage is formed at the growth plate which is placed

at the end of the bone.
The cartilages are turned into bone by osteoblasts
Process continues until the growth plate 'closes', leaving
no more room for growth.

What can halt growth of

bones?
Damage to growth plate due to trauma.

Illnesses that damage growth plate

Growth Hormone deficiency

Hormones involved in bone

growth?
Growth Hormone (Acromegaly is a result when
access GH is produced. Bones continue to
grow)

Estrogen

Testosteron.

Thank You