Other

Approaches

Metacognitive Approach

Metacognitive Approach

An approach that goes beyond cognition.

It is an approach that makes students
think about their thinking

students learn more effectively when

they are aware on their learning of how
they learn and know how to monitor and
reflect
effective problem-solvers subvocalize;
that is they talk to themselves
frequently
have students describe what is going on
in their mind
have students identify what is known in
a situation or problem

Constructivist Approach

According to Linda DarlingHammond and colleagues

Students come to the classroom

with prior understandings and
experiences and to promote student
learning, teachers must address and
build upon this knowledge.

Constructivist Approach
learners

are actively involved in a

process of meaning and knowledge
construction as opposed to
passively receiving information
it is anchored on the belief that
every individuals constructs and
reconstructs meanings depending
on past experiences.

Instructional Characteristics
1.

2.

Teaching is not considered as merely

transmitting knowledge and information
such as facts, concepts and principles but
rather as providing students with relevant
experiences from which they can construct
their own meaning.
Is anchored on the assumption that the
absorption or assimilation of knowledge is
somewhat personal and therefore no two
learners can build up the same meaning
out of one situation.

3. The teachers role is to facilitate learning by

providing opportunities for a stimulating
dialogue.
4. The instructional materials include
learning activities and events rather than
fixed documents.
5. Lesson are activity-centered in order for
them to experience or gain personal
knowledge through active involvement.

Suggestions
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

In introducing a lesson, find

connection with the previous one.
Inquiry teaching suits the
constructivist.
Reflection is an important activity.
Plan learning activities that will
develop critical thinking skills,
creativity and innovativeness.
Encouraged students to work
independently.

Guidelines for Effective

Use
1.

2.
3.

Encourage Students to take their own

initiative in undertaking a learning
activity.
Respect and accept the student's own
ideas.
Ask the students to recall past
experiences, analyze and see a
connections with the new learning event.

Integrated Approach

Integrated Approach:
there are no walls that clearly
separate one subject from the rest
Integrated approach is ;

Intradisciplinary
Interdisciplinary
Transdisciplinary

Intradisciplinary Approach
observed when teachers integrate
the sub disciplines within a
subject area.

Interdisciplinary Approach

Content based instruction

Transdisciplinary Approach
teachers organize curriculum around
students questions and concerns

Problem based Learning (PBL)

this is a concrete example of
transdisciplinary approach
the learning that results from the process
of working towards the understanding of
the resolution of a problem

Steps in Planning
1.

2.

Teachers and students select a

topic of study based on student
interests, curriculum standards,
and local resources.
The teacher finds out what the
students already know and helps
them generate questions to
explore. The teacher also provides
resources for students and
opportunities to work in the field.

3. Students share their work with others in a

culminating activity. Students display the
results of their exploration and review and
evaluate the project.