Resin Penukar Ion

Karakteristik:
insoluble matrix (or support structure)
Butiran (1-2 mm diameter)
Diproduksi dari organic substrat polimer
Punya struktur pori di permukaan yang banyak, tempat
menangkap dan melepas ion
Umur pakai resin tergantung kualitas air yang akan
diolah. Biasanya 3 sampai 5 tahun

Resin Penukar Kation Asam Kuat

(Strong Acid Exchanger )

Resin Penukar
Kation
Siklus H

Resin
Penukar
Ion

typically, sulfonic acid groups, eg.

sodium polystyrene sulfonate or
polyAMPS

Resin Penukar Kation Asam Lemah

(Weak Acid Exchanger )
mostly, carboxylic acid groups
Resin Penukar Anion Basa Kuat

Resin Penukar
Anion
Siklus OH

Resin Penukar Kation

Siklus Sodium (Na)

(Strong Base Exchanger )

quaternary amino groups, for
example, trimethylammonium
groups, eg. polyAPTAC
Resin Penukar Anion Basa Lemah
(Weak Base Exchanger )
primary, secondary, and/or ternary
amino groups, eg. polyethylene
amine

SAC resins can neutralize strong bases and convert neutral salts into their
corresponding acids. SBA resins can neutralize strong acids and convert neutral salts
into their corresponding bases
WAC resins remove cations that are associated with alkalinity, producing carbonic
acid as shown:

WAC resins are not able to remove all of the cations in most water supplies. Their
primary asset is their high regeneration efficiency in comparison with SAC resins.
This high efficiency reduces the amount of acid required to regenerate the resin,
thereby reducing the waste acid and minimizing disposal problems.
Strong acid cation exchangers function well at all pH ranges
WAC resins are not able to remove all of the cations in most water supplies. Their
primary asset is their high regeneration efficiency in comparison with SAC resins.
This high efficiency reduces the amount of acid required to regenerate the resin,
thereby reducing the waste acid and minimizing disposal problems.

Pertukaran Ion
Proses pelunakan (softening)
proses pengolahan air untuk mengurangi
kesadahan Ca atau Mg.
Melibatkan hanya resin penukar kation
saja
Biasanya digunakan resin siklus Sodium
(Na)
Peralatan hanya satu jenis kolom resin
Di produk air banyak garam sodium yang
berbahaya kalau dipakai air minum

demineralisasi
ditujukan untuk mengambil semua kation
dan anion dalam air
Melibatkan dua jenis resin penukar yaitu
kation dan anion
Biasanya digunakan resin siklus H/OH
Peralatannya lebih dari satu kolom,
biasanya 2 kolom

Proses
Pertukaran Ion
Contoh aplikasi
penukar ion untuk
merecovery ion logam
Cu

Reaksi Pertukaran Ion

Penukar Kation Siklus H

Reaksi Pertukaran:
Ca
Mg
2Na

2HCO3
SO4
2Cl
2NO3

R H2

Ca
Mg
2Na

2 H2CO3
H2SO4
2 HCl
2 HNO3

Indikator Kejenuhan:
FMA turun : pH mendekati netral (saat in service pH
efluent rendah 4) atau Hardness mulai naik

Regenerasi:
Ca
Mg
2Na

Ca
R H2
Mg SO4
Na2
Sulfuric acid is normally used due to its affordable cost and its availability. However, improper use of
sulfuric acid can cause irreversible fouling of the resin with calcium sulfate. To prevent this
occurrence, the sulfuric acid is usually applied at a high flow rate (1 gpm per square foot of resin)
and an initial concentration of 2% or less. The acid concentration is gradually increased to 6-8% to
complete regeneration
R

H2SO4
(4 %)

Penukar Anion Siklus OH

Reaksi Pertukaran:
2 H2CO3
H2SO4
2 HCl
2 HNO3

R OH

Indikator Kejenuhan:

2HCO3
SO4
2Cl
2NO3

2H2O

Kandungan silika (maksimum 0,12 ppm)

Regenerasi:
R

Cl
SO4
CO3

NaOH
(4 %)

R OH

NaCl
Na2SO4
Na2CO3

The above reactions indicate that demineralization completely removes the cations and anions from
the water. In reality, because ion exchange reactions are equilibrium reactions, some leakage
occurs. Most leakage from cation units is sodium. This sodium leakage is converted to sodium
hydroxide in the anion units. There-fore, the effluent pH of a two bed cation-anion demineralizer
system is slightly alkaline
Demineralization using strong anion resins removes silica as well as other dissolved solids. Effluent
silica and conductivity are important parameters to monitor during a demineralizer service run

 To improve the removal of silica from the resin bed, the regenerant
caustic is usually heated to 120F or to the temperature specified by
the resin manufacturer. Silica removal is also enhanced by a resin bed
preheat step before the introduction of warm caustic

Penukar Kation Siklus Na

Reaksi Pertukaran:
Ca
Mg

2HCO3
SO4
2Cl

R Na

Ca
Mg

Na2CO3
Na2SO4
NaCl

Indikator Kejenuhan:

Hardness mulai naik di effluent

Regenerasi:
R

Ca
Mg

2NaCl
(4 %)

R Na

Ca
Mg 2Cl

H2CO3 = H2O + CO2

Selektifitas Ion pada larutan

suhu rendah dan encer

Selektifitas Kation dan

Anion
Kation

pertukaran ion meningkat

dengan peningkatan valensi
ion yang dipertukarkan
Th4+ > Al3+ > Ca2+ > Na+
PO43- > SO42- > Cl-

pertukaran ion meningkat

dengan peningkatan berat
atom ion yang dipertukarkan
Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+ > Li+
Ba2+ > Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ >
Be2+

Anion
Fe3+

CrO4-2

Al3+

SO4-2

Pb2+

SO3-2

Ba2+

HPO4-2

Sr2+

CNS-

Cd2+

CNO-

Zn2+

NO3-

Cu2+

NO2-

Fe2+

Br-

Mn2+

Cl-

Ca2+

CN-

Mg2+

HCO3-

K+

HsiO3-

NH4+

OH-

Na+

F-

H+ , Li +

 Kapasitas Penukaran
Kemampuan resin untuk menukarkan ionnya merupakan ukuran
penting dalam aplikasi ndustri. Dengan mengukur kapasitas resin
maka kita dapat memilih resin yang terbaik dengan harga murah. Selin
itu, dengan mengetahui kapasitas resin maka kita dapat mendesain
alat serta mengevaluasi kerusakan resin. Kapaitas penukaran adalah
jumlah ion yang dapat ditukar oleh resin per satuan volume atau berat.
Untuk kation : 2-3 meq/ml
Untuk Anion : 1-2 meg/ml
Data kapasitas resin mutlak diperlukan dalam setiap aplikasi
pembuatan atau desai peralatan unutk menentukan jumlah resn
dipakai.

Peralatan Kolom Resin

Usually, the softener tank is a vertical steel pressure
vessel
Major features of the softening vessel include an inlet
distribution system, free-board space, a regenerant
distribution system, ion exchange resin, and a resinretaining underdrain collection system
The inlet distribution system is usually located at the top of
the tank. The inlet system provides even distribution of
influent water. This prevents the water from hollowing out
flow channels in the resin bed, which would reduce system
capacity and effluent quality. The inlet system also acts as
a collector for backwash water.
The volume between the inlet distributor and the top of the
resin bed is called the free-board space.. The free-board
allows for the expansion of the resin during the backwash
portion of the regeneration without loss of resin It should
be a minimum of 50% of the resin volume (80% preferred)
A minimum bed depth of 24 in. is recommended for all
systems
The underdrain system, located at the bottom of the
vessel, retains ion exchange resin in the tank, evenly
collects the service flow, and evenly distributes the
backwash flow

The equipment used for cation-anion

demineralization is similar to that used
in zeolite softening. The primary
difference is that the vessels, valves,
and piping must be made of (or lined
with) corrosion-resistant materials.
Rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
are commonly used for ion exchange
vessel linings

Permasalahan Resin Penukar Ion

Permasalahan Resin Penukar Ion

resin fouled with iron

strong acid cation

exchanger

Fouling
and
degradasi

strong base anion

exchanger

Fouling karena senyawa organik

Regenerasi
Softener
1. In service
2. Back washing
3. Aliran regeneran

4. Slow rinsing
5. Fast rinsing
6. Stand by

Anion resin is much lighter than cation resin. Therefore, the backwash flow
rates for anion exchange resins are much lower than those for cation resins,
and anion resin expansion is affected by the temperature of the water more
than cation resin expansion. The water used for each step of anion resin
regeneration should be free from hardness, to prevent precipitation of
hardness salts in the alkaline anion resin bed.

MIX BED RESIN

Due to increasing boiler operating pressures and the

manufacture of products requiring contaminant-free water,
there is a growing need for higher water quality than cationanion demineralizers can produce. Therefore, it has become
necessary to modify the standard demineralization process to
increase the purity of the treated water. The most significant
improvements in demineralized water purity have been
produced by mixed bed exchangers.
A mixed bed exchanger has both cation and anion resin
mixed together in a single vessel. As water flows through the
resin bed, the ion exchange process is repeated many times,
"polishing" the water to a very high purity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

In service
Back washing
Regenerasi resin
kation
Regenerasi resin anion
Rinsing
Drain
Air mixing
Refilling
rinsing

Regenerasi Mix Bed

Karakteristik Larutan regeneran

Ambil dari
dow-ionexchangewcmanualforengineers.pdf

Inspection and Cleaning. In addition to these preventive

procedures, a program of regular inspection and cleaning of the
ion exchange system helps to preserve the life of anion resin.
Most cleaning procedures use one of the following:
Warm (120F) brine and caustic. Mild oxidants or solubilizing
agents can be added to improve the cleaning.
Hydrochloric acid. When resins are also fouled with significant
amounts of iron, hydrochloric acids are used.
Solutions of 0.25-0.5% sodium hypochlorite. This procedure
destroys the organic material but also significantly degrades the
resin. Hypochlorite cleaning is considered a last resort.
It is important to clean an organically fouled resin before
excessive permanent degradation of the strong base sites
occurs

konfigurasi sistem demineralisasi

Sistem
Demineralisasi

S
A

W
B

S
A

S
A

S
A

S
B

W
B

S
B

S
B

Aplikasi

Tipikal efluent

Keuntungankelemahan

Silica tak dipermasalahkan

CO2
Pemisahan
diperlukan

DHL
10

20
mhos/cm
Silica tak berubah

Air
baku
alkalinitas rendah
Perlu penghilangan
silica

DHL 5 15 mhos/cm
Silica 0,02 0,1 ppm

alat murah
Tak
ada
repumping
Biaya
chemical
tinggi

Alkalinitas tinggi
Memerlukan
penghilangan silica

DHL 5 15 mhos/cm
Silica 0,02 0,1 ppm

Biaya
chemical
rendah
Memerlukan
repumping

Alkalinitas,
sulfat,
cloride
tinggi
Penghilangan
silica

DHL 5 15 mhos/cm
Silica 0,02 0,1 ppm

Biaya
chemical
rendah
alat mahal
repumping

regenerasi
murah
memerlukan
repumping

W
A

S
A

S
A

S
B

W
B

S
A

S
B

S
B

M
B

S
A

S
B

M
B

Hardness,
alkalinitas,
sulfate,
cloride tinggi
Penghilangan silica

DHL
5

15
mhos/cm
Silica 0,02 0,1
ppm

Biaya chemical
paling rendah
alat mahal
repumping

alkalinitas, sodium
tinggi
air kualitas tinggi

DHL
1

5
mhos/cm
Silica 0,01 0,05
ppm

Biaya chemical
rendah
alat mahal
repumping

Total solid rendah

Air kualitas tinggi

DHL kurang dari 1

mhos/cm
Silica
0,01-0,05
ppm

Chemical mahal
Peralatan murah

Alkalinitas, TDS
tinggi
Air kualitas tinggi

DHL kurang dari 1

mhos/cm
Silica 0,01 0,05
ppm

Biaya chemical
lebih rendah
alat mahal
repumping

Kekurangan & kelebihan

Keuntungan

air terolah menjadi nonscaling (hardness efluen kurang dari

2 ppm)
operasional mudah dan handal
regenerasi mudah dan murah
tidak ada limbah sludge
tidak tergantung pada variasi debit

Batasan/Kendala

kandungan total solid, alkalinitas dan silica tak berubah

(untuk penukar kation)
air dengan kekeruhan tinggi mengganggu efisiensi resin
kekeruhan influen lebih 1 JTU secara kontinu bisa jadi
fouling, service run pendek, kualitas efluen jelek
logam berat (iron dan aluminium) bisa menyebabkan fouling
zat pengoksidasi kuat dapat menyerang dan mendegradasi
resin, seperti clorine.

Catatan

Fe2+ dan Mn2+ dapat juga dipisahkan dengan resin penukar ion, meskipun
harus hati-hati karena proses oksidasi dengan adanya oksigen akan
mengubah senyawa tersebut menjadi Fe3+ dan Mn4+ yang bisa mengendap
dan menyebabkan fouling
Like other ion exchange systems, demineralizers require filtered water in order
to function efficiently
Resin foulants and degrading agents, such as iron and chlorine, should be
avoided or removed prior to demineralization.

PID Demineralizer