BSS552

Lecture 1

Introduction To
Construction Methods And
Materials

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Objectives
The objectives of this lecture is
to understand and learn the
rational terms of differential
movement design to resist
rational phenomena and
meet user needs

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Why do we need a
building???

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WHY????
Fewer activities requires us to be outside
We need shelter from sun, wind, rain, and snow.
We need dry, level platforms for our activities.
We need to stack these platforms to multiply
available ground space.
On these platforms, and within our shelter, we
need air that is warmer or cooler, more or less
humid, than outdoors.
We need less light by day, and more light by
night, than is offered by the natural world.
We need services that provide energy,
communications and water and disposal of
wastes.

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So we gather materials and

assemble them into the
constructions we call BUILDINGS
to satisfy these needs.
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How can the building resist from

the natural disaster????

earthquake?
flooding?
tsunami?
landslide?

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Building Loads
The design, selection of materials for
and construction of building
structures is based on the expected
loads, use(s) of the building and the
acceptable risk of failure.

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The loading of a building structure can take on a

wide variety of forms. In many cases the exact
loading will not fit neatly into a specific category.
Yet, loads can usually be considered to be either
Primary or Secondary.

Primary loading generally includes the materials

from which the structure was built, the
occupants, their furniture, the direct influence of
various typical weather conditions, as well as
unique loading conditions experienced during
construction, extreme weather and natural
catastrophes.

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Structures Are Subject To Complex Loads

.

a) Forces from different

directions
b) Different intensities
of forces
c) Different frequencies
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4 Common Types of Loads

Dead

Live

Snow

Wind
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Dead Load
Dead load is the weight of the
building materials.

Dead loads will vary depending on

the type of construction and
materials used.
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Live Load
Any load that will change during normal use of the
building.
People
Equipment

Materials that are being

moved.

Vibration from equipment

Live loads are estimated on a pound per

square foot basis for structural calculations.

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Wind Loads
The effect of wind on a
building is not consistent.
On the up wind side of a
building, wall and roof
panels
experience
a
positive pressure, while
on the down wind side
there is a negative
pressure or suction load.
The
dashed
line
represents the racking
forces caused by wind.

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Wind can have multiple

effects on buildings.

How does the effect of wind influence

building design and construction?
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Wind effects

As the wind blows over

and around the building,
eddy
currents
are
formed
which
exert
varying
negative
pressures in those areas.

The destructive power of

wind is dramatically
increased when you
include water and/or hail.

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Snow Loads

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Added load from sliding snow

Increased load for lower roof.
Drift load behind obstruction
Increased load in valleys
Unbalanced snow load
Balanced snow load
Increased load because of change in slope

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Secondary loads are those loads due to

temperature changes, construction
eccentricities, shrinkage of structural
materials, settlement of foundations, or other
such loads.

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JK/BSB552/2012

LOAD AND ITS EFFECT TO BUILDING

STRUCTURE
Principal function of building structure
* Transfers all the loads on it to ground.
load can be split up into Gravity Load, which
acts vertically and lateral loads, which act in
any horizontal direction. (dead and live
load)
Horizontal Load force due to wind (wind
load)

Building structure
The building structure must have sufficient
strength to resist these load and as
important, sufficient stiffness when it resist
loads so that the movement and deflection
are not excessive because all materials
deform under load.

WHAT WILL
BE HAPPEN
NEXT???????
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Linear Elastic and

Equilibrium

A material in which the deflection is directly

proportional to the load, at normal working
load is said to be linear elastic.

If all the loads, whether vertical or

horizontal, that act on the building structure
are balanced by forced from the ground the
structure us said to be equilibrium

If there are no dynamic forces on the building

such as those due to earthquakes or wind
buffeting then the building will be at rest and
is said to be in static equilibrium.

It is possible to design a structure that

satisfactorily withstands load from one
direction for example vertical load due to it
self weight. But unstable and collapses even
under a small force from a horizontal
direction

A building is said to be stable if it is able to

withstand the expected range of forces no
matter in which direction they act.
The stability always entail looking at
building as three dimensional structures in
which the instability may occur in any
direction.
z
Axes and rotational
movement
x
y

The stability of any rigid element in space is

only guaranteed if translational movement
along the x, y and z axes and rotational are
prevented

three translational movement, top, and

three rotational movements, bottom, are
possible independent movement of a rigid
body in space and must be assigned values
to define the exact position of the body in a
plane two translational movement and one
rotational movement are needed to define
the position of a rigid body.

A robust building is said to be one built so

that load bearing elements are resistant
to, or protected from damage or in which,
if damage does occur, it is confined first
occurred and that it is not disproportionate
to the cause of the damage. It is usually
easy to ensure that, for example frame
building which for any reason sustain
damage to their individual beams or
columns are not thereby made unstable
overall

STRESS AND STRAIN

Structural engineering is the study and

consideration of stress and strain in individual
load carry members and in structural systems
consisting load carrying members.
Stress is a measure of the force per unit area (or
force divided area)
p
2m

18
m

= p/A

STRESS AND STRAIN

Strain is a measure of the deformation of a

members per unit length (or deformation
divided by length)

The elongation over

the gage length L can
be measured for
corresponding
increase in force
= / L

NATURAL DISASTER
EARTHQUAKE
FLOODING
GROUND WATER MOVEMENT

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ELEMENT OF RISK

HAZARDS
HAZARDS

EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE

RISK
RISK

VULNERABILITY
VULNERABILITY

LOCATION
LOCATION

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BUILDING DAMAGE: DEATH TOLL

REACHED 230,000

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CAUSES
CAUSES
OF
OF
DAMAGE
DAMAGE

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)

EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES
CASE
CASEHISTORIES
HISTORIES

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
LACK OF ATTENTION TO
NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
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he Nature of Ground Motion and Its Effect on Buildings

Building foundation is
in direct contact with
the ground and joins
the buildings structure
with the underlying
zone of soil or rock.
The foundations job is
to transfer the
structures load to the
underlying soil or rock,
without excessive
settlement or
movement.

CASE STUDY

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION
The following graphic
assessments of building
vulnerability to earthquake
ground shaking were
developed by an insurance
company and provided to
other organizations for
educational uses.

BUILDING ELEVATIONS
Horizontal and vertical
changes in symmetry, mass,
and stiffnessdeviations
from regularity--- will
increase a buildings
vulnerability to damage
from ground shaking.

AN IMPORTANT NOTE
NOTE:

Analysis of the effects of

changes in the local site
geology and the construction
materials, key parameters in
controlling a buildings
performance, are NOT
considered here.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

1-2
Box

None, if attention
given to foundation
and non-structural
elements. Rocking
may crack foundation
and structure. XCracks around
windows.

DAMAGED
HOUSE:CHINA

ASYMmETRY and lateral

changes: CHINA

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

1
Pyramid

None, if attention
given to foundation
and non structural
elements. Rocking
may crack foundation.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

4-6
Inverted Pyramid

Top heavy,
asymmetrical structure
may fail at foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

5-6
L- Shaped Building

Asymmetry and
horizontal transition in
mass, stiffness and
damping may cause
failure where lower
and upper structures
join.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

3-5
Inverted T

Vertical transition and

asymmetry may cause
failure where lower
part is attached to
tower.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

2-3
Multiple Setbacks

Vertical transition in
mass, stiffness, and
damping may cause
failure at foundation
and transition points
at each floor.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

4-5
Overhang

Top heavy
asymmetrical structure
may fail at transition
point and foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

6-7
Partial Soft Story

Horizontal and vertical

transitions in mass
and stiffness may
cause failure on soft
side of first floor;
rocking and
overturning.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

8 - 10
Soft First Floor

Vertical transitions in
mass and stiffness
may cause failure on
transition points
between first and
second floors.

THE
THE TYPICAL
TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY
SOFT-STOREY
BUILDING
BUILDING IN
IN TURKEY
TURKEY

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

9 - 10
Combination of Soft
Story and Overhang

Horizontal and vertical

transitions in mass
and stiffness may
cause failure at
transition points and
possible overturning.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

10

Building on Sloping
Ground

Horizontal transition in
stiffness of soft story
columns may cause
failure of columns at
foundation and/or
contact points with
structure.

SOFT STORY BUILDING ON SLOPING

GROUND: CHINA TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

8-9

Theaters and Assembly

Halls

Horizontal and vertical

transition in stiffness
and cause failure of
individual members.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION

LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

9 - 10

Sports Stadiums

Horizontal and vertical

transition in mass and
stiffness may cause
failure columns.

BUILDING FLOOR PLANS

CHANGING

FLOOR PLANS
FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX
AND FROM SYMMETRICAL TO
ASYMMETRICAL WILL
INCREASE A BUILDINGS
VULNERABILITY TO GROUND
SHAKING.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS

FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

Box

None, if symmetrical
layout maintained.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS

FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

2-4

Rectangle

Differences in length
and width will cause
differences in
strength, differential
movement, and
possible overturning.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS

FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

2-4

Street Corner

Asymmetry will cause

torsion and enhance
damage at corners.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS

FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

5 - 10

U - Shape

Asymmetry will
enhance damage at
corner regions.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS

FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

Courtyard in Corner

Open space in center

reduces resistance
and enhance damage
at corner regions.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS

FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

L - Shape

Asymmetry will cause

torsion and enhance
damage at intersection
and corners.

torsion: CHINA

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS

FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

5-7

H - Shape

Directional variation in
stiffness will enhance
damage at intersecting
corner.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS

FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

8 - 10

Complex Floor Plan

Asymmetry and
directional variation in
stiffness will enhance
torsion and damage at
intersecting.

ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY

POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS

FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN

RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]

5- 9

Curved Plan

Asymmetry and
irregularities will cause
torsion and enhance
damage along
boundaries and at
corners.

thank you for your

attention!!!

JK/BSB552/2012