MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS

8085 AND 8086

MICROPROCESSOR
8051 MICROCONTROLLER

8085 INTRODUCTION
The features of INTEL 8085 are :
It is an 8 bit processor.
It is a single chip N-MOS device with 40 pins.
It has multiplexed address and data bus.(AD0-AD7).
It works on 5 Volt dc power supply.
The maximum clock frequency is 3 MHz.
It provides 74 instructions with 4 different addressing modes.

It provides 16 address lines so it can access 2^16 =64K bytes of memory.

It generates 8 bit I/O address so it can access 2^8=256 input ports.
It provides 5 hardware interrupts:TRAP, RST 5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5,INTR.
It provides Acc ,one flag register ,6 general purpose registers and two special
purpose registers(SP,PC).
It provides serial lines SID ,SOD.So serial peripherals can be interfaced with
8085 directly.

ARCHITECTURE OF 8085

PIN DIAGRAM

8086 INTRODUCTION
It is a 16-bit p.
8086 has a 20 bit address bus can access up to 220 memory locations (1 MB).
It can support up to 64K I/O ports.
It provides 14, 16 -bit registers.
Word size is 16 bits and double word size is 4 bytes.
It has multiplexed address and data bus AD0- AD15 and A16 A19.

 8086 is designed to operate in two modes, Minimum and Maximum.

It can prefetches up to 6 instruction bytes from memory and queues them in order
to speed up instruction execution.
It requires +5V power supply.
A 40 pin dual in line package.
Address ranges from 00000H to FFFFFH

ARCHITECTURE OF 8086

8051MICROCONTROLLER
4K bytes internal ROM
128 bytes internal RAM
Four 8-bit I/O ports (P0 - P3).
Two 16-bit timers/counters
One serial interface
64k external memory for code
64k external memory for data
210 bit addressable

Microcontroller

The basic 8051 Core

The Intel 8051 is used in embedded systems
8-bit CPU
4k bytes ROM for the program
128 BYTES of RAM for variables
32 I/O lines ( 4 PORTS WITH8 EACH )
2 timers
1 Serial port
6 interrupt source
12

Block Diagram
External interrupts
Interrupt
Control

On-chip
ROM for
program
code

Timer/Counter

On-chip
RAM

Timer 1
Timer 0

CPU

OSC

Bus
Control

4 I/O Ports

P0 P1 P2 P3

Address/Data

Serial
Port

TxD RxD

Counter
Inputs

8051
pin diagram

P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7
RST
(RXD)P3.0
(TXD)P3.1
(INT0)P3.2
(INT1)P3.3
(T0)P3.4
(T1)P3.5
(WR)P3.6
(RD)P3.7
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

8051

40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21

Vcc
P0.0(AD0
)P0.1(AD1)
P0.2(AD2
)P0.3(AD3)
P0.4(AD4)
P0.5(AD5)
P0.6(AD6)
P0.7(AD7)
EA/VPP
ALE/PROG
PSEN
P2.7(A15)
P2.6(A14
)P2.5(A13
)P2.4(A12
)P2.3(A11)
P2.2(A10)
P2.1(A9)
P2.0(A8)

PULSE AND DIGITALS CIRCUITS

 Clippers & Clampers

Clippers
Clippers or diode limiting is a diode network that have the ability to
clip off a portion on the i/p signal without distorting the remaining part
of the alternating waveform.
Clippers are used to eliminate amplitude noise or to fabricate new
waveforms from an existing signal.
2 general of clippers:
a) Series clippers
b) Parallel clippers
Series Clippers
The series configuration is defined as one where the diode is in series
with the load.

+
-

+
Vi

RL Vo

17

Clipper Diode Circuit

The diode clips any voltage that does not put it in forward
bias. That would be a reverse biasing polarity and a voltage less
than 0.7V for a silicon diode.

18

 The ckt shown is called as biased series clipper. The dc supply

have pronounced effect on the o/p of a clipper.
Our initial discussion will be limited to ideal diode.

Vi

Vm
0

T/2

Vi

RL Vo

Biased series clipper

19

Vi
Vm
0

Vo

T/2

+
T

+ -

Vi=Vm

Vm-V

+
RL Vo

T/2

Vi=V (diodes change state)

+ve region turn the diode ON.

-ve region turn the diode OFF.
Vi > V to turn ON the diode
In general diode is open cct (OFF state) and short cct (ON state)
For Vi > V the Vo = Vi V
For Vi = V the Vo= 0 V
The complete cct shown above
20

Parallel Clippers
The diode connection is in parallel configuration with
the o/p.
Diode is ideal

RL

+
Vi

+
Vo

21

Changing Output Perspective

By taking the output across the diode, the output is now the
voltage when the diode is not conducting.

A DC source can also be added to change the diodes required

forward bias voltage.
22

Clipper Circuits Summary

23

Clipper Circuits Summary

24

Clampers
The clamping network is to clamp a signal to a different dc level. Also
known as dc restorers. The clamping cct is often used in TV receivers as a
dc restorer.
The network consists of:
a) Capacitor
b) Diode
c) Resistive element
d) Independent dc supply (option)
The magnitude of R and C must be chosen such that the time constant
= RC is large enough to ensure that the voltage across the capacitor does
not discharge significantly during the interval the diode is nonconducting.
Our analysis basis that all capacitor is fully charge and discharge in 5
time constant.
25

V
0

-V

Vi

T/2

Vi

+
R Vo

26

Operation of clamper
+ ve region
+

0 - T/2: Diode is ON state (short-cct

equivalent)
Assume RC time is small and
capacitor charge to V volts very quickly
Vo=0 V (ideal diode)

+
R

Vi

V
0

-V

Vo

Vi

T/2

- ve region
+C V
V

+
Vo

+
R

Vo

T/2 T: Diode is OFF state (open-cct

equivalent)
Both for the stored voltage across
capacitor and applied signal current
through cathode to anode
KVL: - V- V- Vo = 0 and
Vo = -2V

27

Summary of Clamper Circuits

28

TELEVISION ENGINEERING

Signal Level Control (AGC)

Contents
Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
Basic AGC Circuit
Types of AGC
Reverse AGC
Forward AGC
Various AGC Systems
Peak AGC System
Keyed AGC System
Delayed AGC System
Noise Cancelation
Diode Noise Gate Circuit
Separate Noise Gate Amplifier
Video Amplifiers
Advantages of AGC
Conclusion

Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

AGC circuit varies the gain of a receiver according to the
strength of signal picked up by the antenna.
AGC circuit produces AGC bias , which is a DC voltage
proportional to the input signal strength.
DC voltage is obtained by rectifying the video signal as
available after the video detector.
AGC bias is used to control the gain of RF and IF stages in
the receiver.

Basic AGC circuit

1. Unidirectional voltage is
developed across RL.
2. R1, c1 acts as AGC filter.
3. AGC bias voltages is fed
to the RF and IF amplifier.
4. Decoupling n/w used to
isolate the amp stages from
common AGC line.

Types of AGC

Reverse AGC Shifting operating point towards cut off.

Forward AGC - Shifting operating point towards saturation.

Reverse AGC
1. Reverse AGC requires
smaller changes in
voltage for full gain
control.
2. Voltage divider formed
by R1 and R2 provides
suitable fixed forward
bias
3. R3,C1 Decoupling nw

Forward AGC
1. For any increase in
signal strength, VBE must
increase to shift the
operating point towards
saturation.
2. R5 is used in series with
the collector circuit.
3. When AGC voltage
varies to increase Ic, Vce
decreases.

Various AGC systems

Peak AGC system / Non keyed AGC system
Keyed AGC system
Delayed AGC system

Peak AGC system

This system is based on sampling the
synch tip level.
1. During synch pulses of the modulated
signal, D2 conducts & C1 charges.
2. Voltage across R1is then filtered using
R2,C2 & produces AGC voltage.
3. During periods other than synch pulse,
diode is under RB condition.
4. But the C1 discharges through
secondary winding of the transformer.

Keyed AGC system / Gated AGC

In this, AGC rectifier is allowed to conduct only during horizontal
synch pulses
This is done with the help of fly back pulses derived from the
output of horizontal deflection circuit of the receiver.

Delayed AGC
AGC voltage is proportional to signal strength.
Even weak RF signals will produce some control voltage.
This when applied to RF amplifier will tend to reduce its
gain.
Hence, RF amplifier is not fed any AGC voltage till the
signal strength attains a predetermined level.

Noise Cancellation
The circuit which is used to cancel noise in AGC
and synch separator circuits is called Noise
cancellation circuit.

Method 1 Diode noise gate

circuit
1. D2 is used as a switch which opens in the
presence of noise.
2. R3 is used to provide forward bias to the diode
so that it pass noise free signals to video amplifier.
3. For strong noise signal D2 is RB, thereby
stopping noise pulses from reaching the amplifier.

Method 2 Separate noise gate amplifier

1. The output of video amplifier is
the inverted composite video
signal.
2. Noise gate is a grounded base
amplifier. It amplifies the noise
pulse without inversion of its
polarity.
3. The output of video amplifier &
Noise gate is added.
4. Thus noise pulse is cancelled on
addition.

Video Amplifiers
It is the one which is used to amplify the video signal. An
inverting amplifier is used generally, hence inverted
composite video signal is obtained as the output and fed to the
cathode of the picture tube.

RC Coupled Amplifier

High frequency compensation

To compensate the fall in gain at high frequencies, peaking
coils in different configurations are used.

Methods of using peaking coils

Shunt Peaking
Series Peaking
Combination Peaking

Advantages of AGC
Maintaining constant contrast and intensity of the picture.
Constant contrast when receiver is switched from one station
to another.
Reducing Amplitude and cross modulation distortion.
Increasing gain of weak signals.
Reducing flutter in the picture due to passing aero planes and
other fading effects.
Maintaining constant sound signal.
Easy separation of synch pulses.

Conclusion
In this presentation we have discussed about the Automatic Gain
Control, the basic circuits used for the AGC and its different
types.

We also discussed about the different systems in which these

AGC systems are used and the method in which they are used.

THANK YOU