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3
cos 1 sin sin
2
2
2
2r
3
cos 1 sin sin
2
2
2
2r
XY
3
sin cos cos
2
2
2
2r
Mode II:
Mode III:
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
STRESS FIELDS
- The stress and displacement formulas may
reduced to particularly simple forms:
We consider next some other cases apart from the cracked infinite plate
-Crack-line loading
-Elliptical / Semielliptical cracks
K I C * a * f
finite width
f(a/W)
Irwin:
K I a
W
a
tan
a W
Brown:
approx.
a
a
a
f
1 0.256
1.152
W
W
W
Feddersen:
a
K I a sec
a
12.200
K I 1.12 * a
Single edge
notched (SEN)
SEN:
Finite-width
edge-notched
specimens:
K I a *
0.5% accurate
a
a
1.122 0.231
10.550
W
W
a
21.710
DEN:
0.5% accurate
for any a/W
a
a
1.122 1.122
0.820
W
W
K I a *
a
30.382
a
3.768
W
2a
1
W
a
3.040
* Crack-line Loading
(P: force per unit thickness)
K IA
ax
ax
K IB
ax
ax
KI
KI
a
P
ax
P
dx
ax
a
x
dx
arcsin
a
a
a2 x2
2a
2 Pa
ax
ax
dx
ax
a x
P a
0
* Elliptical Cracks
a
a
2
2
sin 2 cos
KI
c
1 sin 2 sin 2 d
with:
sin
a/c
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.000
1.016
1.051
1.097
1.151
1.211
1.277
1.345
1.418
1.493
1.571
KI varies along
the elliptical
crack front
max. at =/2:
min. at = :
KI
1
* a
a 2 / c
KI
a2
c2
circular crack:
KI
2
* a
Raju I.S.,Newman J.C. Jr. Stress Intensity Factors for Two Symmetric
Corner Cracks, Fracture Mechanics, ASTM STP 677, pp. 411-430 (1979).
1) Crack under
Internal Pressure:
K IA K IB K IC K ID 0
K ID K IC a
H P
2) Semi-elliptical
Surface Crack in a
Cylindrical
Pressure Vessel:
R
B
KI K
H
I
K IP P a
K I H
C H a CPR a
K IP
CP a
CP 1
B
K IP
3) Cracks growing
from both sidesof a
loaded hole where
the hole is small
with respect to the
crack
a
P a
f
2
W
2 a
K I
Better approaches
1
ry
2
YS
-Irwin
-Dudgale
Irwin approach:
- stress redistribution; elastic plastic; plane stress
rp 2 * ry
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
Is K a useful parameter to characterise fracture
toughness?
Kc = KIC
Variation in KC with specimen thickness in a high
strength maraging steel
K
a, B, W - a 2.5 IC
YS
1
a, B, W - a 2.5 * 2 *
2
K IC
YS
KI
LOAD * S
a
*
f
B *W 3 2
W
where
a
f
W
a
3
12
KI
a
a
a
a
1.99 1 2.15 3.93
2.7
W
W
W
W
32
a
a
2 1 2 1
W
W
LOAD
a
*
f
B *W 1 2
W
where
a
W
a
2
W
0.886 4.64
13.32
W
1
W
a
a
a
14.72
5.6
W
W
W
2
32
Numerical Solution:
Newman 1971
2a
2c
l
L* : transitional crack length
S
L*
c
1.12 * K t 2 1
Example:
2c = 5 mm, L* = 0.25 mm
2c = 25 mm, L* =
1.21 mm
Consequences:
plane
window
Fatigue
Forman:
da
C (K ) m
dN
da
C (K ) m
dN (1 R ) K IC K
Complete
curve
McEvily:
1 K th
da
K
C (K ) m
dN
K max
1 K
IC
n1
n3
complete crack
growth rate curve
n2
da
K
2
C (K K th ) 1
dN
K IC K max
the three
regions
EXAMPLES
of Crack
Growth rate
Behaviour
Influence of R on
fatigue crack growth
in Al 2024-T3 Alclad
sheet
Effect of R:
da
f (K , R)
dn
CRACK
CLOSURE
Elber:
Actually:
K eff K max K op
K eff K max K min,eff
da
f (K , R) f K eff
dn
Schijve:
K eff
K
K eff
K
U 0.5 0.4 R
Closure Mechanisms
Initial KI !!!
preferred
technique in
the past
KISCC
KIC or KQ
SPECIMENS
Increasing or decreasing K specimens
crack- line
wedge-loaded
specimen
(CLWL)
bolt loaded
cantilever beamspecimen (DCB)
tapered double
cantilever beamspecimen
(TDCB):
constant K !!!
Decreasing K specimens:
Entire crack growth with one
specimen
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Example:
Outdoor exposure stress corrosion cracking propagation in 7000 series Al-alloy plate