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FLUID
PROPERTIES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
Define Fluid
State differences between solid and fluid
Calculate common fluid properties:
i. Mass density
ii. Specific weight
iii.Relative density
iv.Dynamic viscosity
v. Kinematic viscosity
INTRODUCTION
Fluid Mechanics
Gas
Liquids
Statics
F 0 F 0
i
Compressibility
Density
Water, Oils,
Alcohols,
etc.
Viscosity
Dynamics
i
Stability
Buoyancy
Pressure
, Flows
Compressible/
Incompressible
Surface
Laminar/
Tension
Turbulent
Vapor
Pressure
Steady/Unsteady
Viscous/Inviscid
Fluid Dynamics:
Chapter 1:
Chapter 2: Fluid
Introduction
Statics
Rest of Course
Fluid mechanics
1. study of forces and motions in fluids
3
2. study of how fluids move and the forces on them
Applications of fluid
mechanics
Aerodynamics
Bioengineering and biological systems
Combustion
Energy generation
Geology
Hydraulics and Hydrology
Hydrodynamics
Meteorology
Ocean and Coastal Engineering
Water Resources
History
Archimedes (287-212 B.C.) - calculation of the
hydrostatic buoyancy.
Leonardo da Vinci (1500)-calculation of the mass
conservation, reduction of flow resistance by form
shaping, motion of waves, the hydraulic jump and the
flow turbulence, behavior of free jets and wake flows
Fluid
What is Fluid?
- substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied
shear stress
- shear stress is the stress component parallel to a given
surface
- consists 2 types, liquids & gases
- examples: air, water, gasoline, lubricating oil and milk
Solid
F
A
Fluid
F
V
A
h
Characteristics of
Fluids
Gas or liquid state
Large molecular spacing relative to
a solid
Weak intermolecular cohesive
forces
Can not resist a shear stress in a
stationary state
Will take the shape of its container
Generally considered a continuum
Viscosity distinguishes different types
of fluids
solid
liquid
gas
Liquid
further apart spaced
molecules
intermolecular forces are
smaller than for solids
molecules have more
freedom of movement
difficult to compress and
often regarded as being
incompressible
a given mass of liquid
occupies a given volume
and will occupy the
container it is in and form
a free surface (if the
container is of a larger
volume)
Gases
Solid
resistance to
deformation and
changes of volume
atoms or molecules that
compose the solid are
packed closely together
fixed positions in space
Primary Dimension
Secondary Dimension
Properties
Fluid Properties
Density
Specific weight
Specific gravity
Viscosity
Properties of Fluids:
Density
The density of a fluid is defined as mass per
unit volume.
m
v
m = mass, and v = volume.
Different fluids can vary greatly in density
Liquids densities do not vary much with pressure
and temperature
Gas densities can vary quite a bit with pressure and
temperature
Density of water at 4 C : 1000 kg/m3
1
Density
of Air at
4 C : 1.20
kg/m3
Alternatively,
Specific
Volume:
Example 1:
A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of
1200kg and a volume of 0.952 m3. Find the
glycerins weight (W) and mass density ()
F = W = ma
= (1200)(9.81)
= 11770N or 11.77 kN
= m/V
= 1200/0.952
= 1261 kg/m3
Example 2:
A typical mud is 70 wt% sand and 30 wt% water.
What is its density? The sand is practically pure
quartz (SiO2), for which sand = 165lbm/ft3
(2.65g/cm3)
Example 3:
A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of
1200kg and a volume of 0.952 m3. Find the
specific weight ().
= (m/V ). g
= mg/V = ma/V
W = ma
= W/V
= 11.77kN/0.952 m3
= 12.36 kN/m3
SG
H 2O
Example 4:
If the density of iron is 7850 kg/m3, 7.85 grams per
cubic centimeter (cm3), 7.85 kilograms per liter, or
7.85 metric tons per cubic meter - the specific
gravity of iron is:
SG = (7850 kg/m3) / (1000 kg/m3)
= 7.85
water density is 1000 kg/m3
Viscosity
Procedure: Spoon out some water and turn the
spoon sideways. Almost all of the water quickly
flows off the spoon. Try the same thing with
honey. The honey moves very slowly, doesn't it?
Viscosity
The properties of density and specific weight are
measures of the heaviness of a fluid
These properties are not sufficient to uniquely
characterize how fluids behave since two fluids
can have approximately the same value of density
but behave quite differently when flowing
Viscosity, , is the property of a fluid, due to
cohesion and interaction between molecules
Fluid with high viscosity such as syrup, deforms
more slowly than fluid with low viscosity such as
water
A shear stress is applied to the top of the square while the bottom is
held in place. This stress results in a strain, or deformation, changing
the square into a parallelogram.
Viscosity
Viscosity: Dynamic
viscosity
du
dy
1 Pa s = 1 N s/m2 = 1 kg/m s
Viscosity: Kinematic
Viscosity
Example 1:
The density of an oil is 850 kg/m3. Find its relative
density and kinematic viscosity if the dynamic
viscosity is 5 x 10-3 kg/ms.