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Two-way Slabs
Lecture Goals
Slender Column Design
One-way and two-way slab
Slab thickness, h
32.4
r
0.3 25 in.
6200 k-in.
32.4 34 12
25.43
8680 k-in.
Ec 33w
1.5
f c 33 150
1.5
7000
25 in. 25 in.
bh
Ig
12
12
4
32552 in
3
EI
0.4 Ec I g
1 d
4.4x10 k-in
7
1 0.5
2
Pcr
EI
2
klu
7354.3 k
2 4.4x107 k-in 2
12 in.
0.81 25 ft ft
M 1
Cm 0.6 0.4
M 2
6200 k-in.
0.6 0.4
0.89 0.4
8680 k-in.
ns
Cm
Pu
1
0.75Pcr
1.04 1.0
0.89
800 k
0.75 7354.3 k
As 7.0 in
Acs 7.0 in
0.003
13.5 in.
d c
s
cu
c
0.002
0.003
13.5 in.
T As f s 7 in 2 58 ksi
406.0 k
Pn Cc Cs1 T
1405.7 k 378.35 k 406.0 k
1378.05 k
h a
h
h
M n Cc Cs1
d T d
2 2
2
2
9.45 in.
18773 k-in.
M n 18773 k-in
e
Pn
1378.05 k
13.62 in.
Since the e = 11.28 in. < 13.62 in. The section is in the
compression controlled region = 0.65. You will want
to match up the eccentricity with the design.
c d
s1
cu
c
0.00249
0.003
14.85 in.
d c
s
cu
c
0.00155
0.003
14.85 in.
T As f s 7 in 2 44.82 ksi
313.74 k
Pn Cc Cs1 T
1546.26 k 378.35 k 313.74 k
1610.9 k
h a
h
h
M n Cc Cs1
d T d
2 2
2
2
10.395 in.
18205.2 k-in
M n 18205.2 k-in
e
Pn
1610.9 k
11.30 in.
Since the e 11.28 in. The reduction factor is equal to
= 0.65. Compute the design load and moment.
Pu Pn 0.65 1610.9 k
1047.1 k 800 k OK!
M u M n 0.65 18205.2 k-in
11833.4 k-in. 9027.2 k-in. OK!
The problem matches the selection of the column.
h 25 in.
Using Interaction
Diagrams
Determine eccentricity.
Estimate column size
required base on axial load.
Determine e/h and required
Pn/Ag, Mn/(Agh)
Determine which chart to use
from fc, fy and . Determine
from the chart.
Two-way Slabs
Flat slab
Flat Plate
Waffle slab
ws
wl
B4
A4
A = B
5wl B 4
384 EI
For B 2A ws 16wl
M f wl2
l12
8
wl12
k - ft
k - ft/ft
k/ft
Uniform load on each beam
2
wl1 l22
M lb
k - ft
Moment in one beam (Sec: B-B)
2 8
M wl1
l22
k - ft
8
Full load was transferred east-west by the planks and then was
transferred north-south by the beams;
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor system.
General Design
Concepts
(1) Direct Design Method (DDM)
Limited to slab systems to uniformly distributed
loads and supported on equally spaced columns.
Method uses a set of coefficients to determine the
design moment at critical sections. Two-way slab
system that do not meet the limitations of the ACI
Code 13.6.1 must be analyzed more accurate
procedures
General Design
Concepts
(2) Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
A three-dimensional building is divided into a
series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by
cutting the building along lines midway between
columns. The resulting frames are considered
separately in the longitudinal and transverse
directions of the building and treated floor by
floor.
Longitudinal
equivalent frame
Transverse equivalent
frame
Perspective view
Method of Analysis
(1) Elastic Analysis
Concrete slab may be treated as an elastic
plate. Use Timoshenkos method of analyzing
the structure. Finite element analysis
Method of Analysis
(2) Plastic Analysis
The yield method used to determine the limit state of
slab by considering the yield lines that occur in the
slab as a collapse mechanism.
The strip method, where slab is divided into strips
and the load on the slab is distributed in two
orthogonal directions and the strips are analyzed as
beams.
The optimal analysis presents methods for
minimizing the reinforcement based on plastic
analysis
Method of Analysis
(3) Nonlinear analysis
Simulates the true load-deformation characteristics
of a reinforced concrete slab with finite-element
method takes into consideration of nonlinearities of
the stress-strain relationship of the individual
members.
fy
ln 0.8
200,000
36 5 m 0.2
fy
ln 0.8
200,000
36 9
m=
Definition of Beam-to-Slab
Stiffness Ratio,
Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along
slab edge
reduces deflections of panel
adjacent to beams.
Definition of Beam-to-Slab
Stiffness Ratio,
4E cb I b / l
4E cs I s / l
E cb I b
E cs I s
Example - Slab
A flat plate floor system with
panels 24 by 20 ft is supported on
20 in. square columns.
Determine the minimum slab
thickness required for the interior
and corner panels. Use fc = 4 ksi
and fy = 60 ksi
Example - Slab
Slab thickness, from table 9.5(c) for fy = 60 ksi
and no edge beams
ln
hmin
30
20 in. 1 ft.
ln 24 ft. 2
22.33 ft.
2 12 in.
12 in.
22.33 ft.
1
ft.
Example - Slab
Slab thickness, from table 9.5(c) for fy = 60 ksi
and no edge beams for = m = 0 (no beams)
hmin
hmin
ln
33
12 in.
22.33 ft.
1
ft.
33
Example
Calculations
Example
Calculations
The cross-sections are:
Example
Calculations
To find h, we need to find m therefore Ib, Islab and for
each beam and slab in long short direction. Assume
slab thickness h = 7 in. so that x = y < 4 tf
22 in. 7 in. 15 in. 4tf 4 7 in. 28 in.
be 16 in. 2 15 in. 46 in.
Example
Calculations
Flange
Beam
1 3 1
3
12 in.
bh 20 ft
7 in.
12
12
1 ft.
6860 in 4
b
7
15
h
46
16
Ai (in2)
322
240
y i (in)
3.5
14.5
562
ybar
I
=
=
y iAi (in3)
1127
3480
I (in4)
d2A (in4)
d (in)
1314.833 -4.69751 7105.442
4500
6.302491 9533.135
4607
5814.833
8.197509
22453.41
in
in4
16638.58
Example
Calculations
Compute the coefficient for the long direction
long
EI beam 22453 in 4
4
EI slab
6860 in
3.27
I slab
1 3 1
3
12 in.
bh 24 ft
7 in.
12
12
1 ft.
4
8232 in
Example
Calculations
Compute the coefficient for short direction
short
EI beam 22453 in 4
EI slab
8232 in 4
2.73
avg
2 long 2 short
3.0
2 3.27 2 2.73
4
Example
Calculations
Compute the coefficient
20 in.
24 ft. 2
llong
2
lshort
20 in.
20 ft. 2
1 ft.
12 in.
1.22
1 ft.
12 in.
60000
12 in.
ln 0.8
22.33
ft.
0.8
200000
1 ft.
200000
36 9
36 9 1.22
6.28 in. Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.
Example
Calculations
Compute the moment of inertia and centroid for the
L-beam
I L-beam 15302 in 4
I slab
Flange
Beam
1 3 1
3
12 in.
bh 10 ft
7 in.
12
12
1 ft.
3430 in 4
b
7
15
h
27
12
Ai (in2)
189
180
y i (in)
3.5
14.5
369
ybar
I
=
=
I (in4)
y iAi (in3)
661.5
2610
771.75
3375
3271.5
4146.75
8.865854
15302.36
in
in4
d2A (in4)
d (in)
-5.36585 5441.761
5.634146 5713.849
11155.61
Example
Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for long direction
long
EI L-beam 15302 in 4
4
EI slab
3430 in
4.46
I slab
1 3 1
3
12 in.
bh 12 ft
7 in.
12
12
1 ft.
4
4116 in
Example
Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for the short direction
short
EI L-beam 15302 in 4
4
EI slab
4116 in
3.72
Example
Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for the edges and corner
Example
Calculations
Compute the m coefficient for the edges and corner
Example
Calculations
Compute the largest length ln of the slab/beam, edge to
first interior column.
20 in. 1 ft.
ln 24 ft.
2 12 in.
22.67 ft.
12 in.
1 ft.
2 12 in.
Example
Calculations
Compute the thickness of the slab with m > 2
fy
60000
12 in.
ln 0.8
22.67 ft.
0.8
200000
1 ft.
200000
36 9
36 9 1.22
6.37 in. Use slab thickness, 6.5 in. or 7 in.