GESTIN DE

COMPRAS Y
PROVEEDORES

AGENDA DE LA SESIN

Anlisis ABC.
Aplicacin.
Criterios.
Usos.
Anlisis Lote ptimo de Compra.
Caso de Estudio
Conclusiones

Why do we have inventories?

Because the customer

usually isnt sitting at the
plant exit!

Queen Elizabeth research station in Antarctica

Operations and Supply Processes

DETERMINISTIC EOQ
NVENTORY MODEL

Inventory Costs
1. Holding (or carrying) costs
Costs for storage, handling, insurance,
and so on

2. Setup (or production change) costs

Costs for arranging specific equipment
setups, and so on

3. Ordering costs
Costs of placing an order

4. Shortage costs
Costs of running out

Independent Versus Dependent

Demand
Independent demand: the
demands for various items are
unrelated to each other
For example, a workstation may produce
many parts that are unrelated but meet
some external demand requirement

Dependent demand: the need for

any one item is a direct result of the
need for some other item
Usually a higher-level item of which it is
part

Basic EOQ Model

Demand for the product is constant and
uniform throughout the period
Lead time (time from ordering to receipt)
is constant
Price per unit of product is constant
Inventory holding cost is based on
average inventory
Ordering or setup costs are constant
All demands for the product will be
satisfied

EOQ Assumptions
Known & constant demand
Known & constant lead time
Instantaneous receipt of material
No quantity discounts
Only order (setup) cost & holding
cost
No stockouts

Inventory Holding Costs

% of
Category
Inventory
Value (building) cost 6%
Housing
Material handling costs 3%
Labor cost 3%
Inventory investment costs 11%
Pilferage, scrap, & obsolescence 3%
Total holding cost 26%

EOQ Model
Annual Cost

Order Quantity

EOQ Model
Annual Cost

Holding Cost

Order Quantity

Why Order Cost Decreases

Cost is spread over more units
Example: You need 1000 microwave ovens
1 Order (Postage $ 0.35)

1000 Orders (Postage $350)

Purchase
OrderQty.
Descripti
on
Microwav
1000
e

Purchase
Purchase
Purchase
OrderQty.
Descripti
Purchase
Order
Descripti
Qty.
Order
Descripti
Qty.
on Qty. 1
Order
Microwav
Descripti
on
Microwav
1
on
Microwav
1
on ee
Microwav
1
ee

Order
quantity

EOQ Model
Annual Cost

Holding Cost
Order (Setup) Cost
Order Quantity

EOQ Model
Annual Cost
Total Cost Curve
Holding Cost
Order (Setup) Cost
Order Quantity

EOQ Model
Annual Cost
Total Cost Curve
Holding Cost
Order (Setup) Cost
Order Quantity
Optimal
Order Quantity (Q*)

How much to order

Economic order
quantity is the
amount that balances
the cost of ordering
with the cost of
maintaining average
inventory
Assumes demand and
costs are relatively
stable for the year
Does not consider
impact of joint ordering
of multiple products

Annual Product Costs, Based

on Size of the Order

Economic Order Quantity

2 D S
EOQ
H
D=
S=
C=
I =
H=

Annual demand (units)

Cost per order ($)
Cost per unit ($)
Holding cost (%)
Holding cost ($) = I x C

EOQ Model Equations

2D S
Optimal Order Quantity Q *
H
D
Expected Number Orders N
Q*
Expected Time Between Orders T

D
Working Days / Year

ROP d L

Working Days / Year

D = Demand per year

S = Setup (order) cost per
order
H = Holding (carrying) cost
d = Demand per day
L = Lead time in days

EOQ Example
Youre a buyer for SaveMart.
SaveMart needs 1000 coffee makers per
year. The cost of each coffee maker is
$78. Ordering cost is $100 per order.
Carrying cost is 40% of per unit cost.
Lead time is 5 days. SaveMart is open
365 days/yr.
What is the optimal order quantity & ROP?

SaveMart EOQ
2 D S
EOQ
H
D=
S=
C=
I=
H=
H=

1000
$100
$ 78
40%
CxI
$31.20

2 1000 $100
EOQ
$31.20
EOQ = 80 coffeemakers

SaveMart ROP
ROP = demand over lead time
= daily demand x lead time (days)
=dxl
D = annual demand = 1000
Days / year = 365
Daily demand = 1000 / 365 = 2.74
Lead time = 5 days
ROP = 2.74 x 5 = 13.7 => 14

What if

2 D S
EOQ
H

1.

Interest rates go up ?

2.

Order processing is
automated ?

3.

Warehouse costs drop ?

4.

Competitive product is
introduced ?

5.

Product is cost-reduced ?

6.

Lead time gets longer ?

7.

Minimum order quantity

imposed ?

Basic FixedOrder Quantity

Model
LeadOrder
time
Place
Receive order
Use inventory

Ejercicio
Ejemplo: Una ferretera vende 20.000 taladros al ao. El
costo anual de mantenimiento de existencias es de $5. El
costo de hacer el pedido y recibir cada despacho es de $500.
Por tanto, el EOQ es:

Caso de Estudio:
Una compaa comercializadora adquiere de un proveedor externo
cajas de chocolates belgas que distribuye en toda la meseta
central del pas. La empresa espera vender aproximadamente
100,000 cajas de estos chocolates durante el ao. La demanda es
relativamente constante durante el ao. El costo asociado a los
pedidos es de 25 por cada uno. La poltica de costo de inventario
que la empresa ha utilizado tradicionalmente es cargar el 20% del
costo de compra como costo anual de conservacin de los
inventarios, para cualquier artculo. El precio que se paga al
proveedor por cada cada caja de chocolates es de 6.25
a) Determine la cantidad ptima de pedido y el costo total.
b) Supngase un tiempo de entrega de dos das, cul ser el
punto de reorden? Utilice un ao de 365 das.

AGENDA DE LA SESIN

OPTIMAL PRODUCTION LOT

SIZE

EOQ Modeling Assumptions

1. Production is instantaneous there is no capacity constraint
and the entire lot is produced simultaneously.
2. Delivery is immediate there is no time lag between
production and availability to satisfy demand.
3. Demand is deterministic there is no uncertainty about the
quantity or timing of demand.
4. Demand is constant over time in fact, it can be represented
as a straight line, so that if annual demand is 365 units this
translates into a daily demand of one unit.
5. A production run incurs a fixed setup cost regardless of
the size of the lot or the status of the factory, the setup cost is
constant.
6. Products can be analyzed singly either there is only a
single product or conditions exist that ensure separability of
products.

29

Notation EPL Model

D

demand rate (units per year)

P production rate (units per year), where P>D

c unit production cost, not counting setup or inventory costs
(dollars per unit)
A fixed or setup cost to place an order (dollars)
h holding cost (dollars per year); if the holding cost consists
entirely of interest on money tied up in inventory, then h = ic
where i is an annual interest rate.
Q the unknown size of the production lot size
30

Inventory vs Time in EPL Model

Production run of Q takes Q/P time units

Inventory

(P-D)(Q/P)
-D

P-D

(P-D)(Q/P)/2

Time

31

Solution to EPL Model

Y (Q )
Annual Cost Function:

AD h(1 D / P )Q

Dc
Q
2

setup holding production

Solution (by taking derivative and setting equal to

zero):
tends to EOQ as P
2 AD
Q*
otherwise larger than EOQ
h(1 D / P )
because replenishment takes
longer
32

The Key Insight of EOQ

There is a tradeoff between lot size and
inventory

Order Frequency:

Inventory Investment:

D
Q

cQ cD
I

2
2F

33

EOQ Tradeoff Curve

Inventory Investment

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Order/Year
34

EXAMPLE-- Farah Cosmetics

Production Capacity 1000 tubes/hr.

Daily Demand 1680 tubes
Production cost $0.50/tube (C = 0.50)
Set-up cost $150 per set-up (C O = 150)
Holding Cost rate: 40% (C h = .4(.50) = .
20)
Working Days: 365
What is the optimal production lot size
and its Total Cost?

OPTIMAL PRODUCTION LOT SIZE

nce demand is 1680 per day and the production rate is 1000
er hour:
D = 1680(365) = 613,200
P = 1000(24)(365) = 8,760,000

2CO D
2(150)(613,200)
Q*

31,449
613,200
Ch (1 D / P)
.20(1
)
8,760,000

OTHER QUANTITES
Length of a Production run = Q*/P
Length of a Production cycle =
Q*/D
# of Production runs/yr. = D/Q*

Reorder Points
EOQ answers the how much
question
The reorder point (ROP) tells when to
order
ROP = Demand Lead time for a
new order in
per day
days
=dxL
d=

D
Number of working days in a year

Inventory level (units)

Reorder Point Curve

Figure 12.5

Q*

Slope = units/day = d

ROP
(units)

Lead time = L

Time (days)

Reorder Point Example

Demand = 8,000 iPods per year
250 working day year
Lead time for orders is 3 working days
D
Number of working days in a year

d=

= 8,000/250 = 32 units
ROP = d x L
= 32 units per day x 3 days = 96 units

Quantity Discount Models

Reduced prices are often available when
larger quantities are purchased
Trade-off is between reduced product
cost and increased holding cost

Total cost = Setup cost + Holding cost + Product cost

TC =

D
Q

Q
S+ 2

H + PD

Quantity Discount Models

A typical quantity discount schedule
Discount
Number

Discount Quantity

Discount (%)

Discount
Price (P)

0 to 999

no discount

$5.00

1,000 to 1,999

$4.80

2,000 and over

$4.75
Table 12.2

Quantity Discount Models

Steps in analyzing a quantity discount
1. For each discount, calculate Q*
2. If Q* for a discount doesnt qualify,
choose the smallest possible order
size to get the discount
3. Compute the total cost for each Q* or
adjusted value from Step 2
4. Select the Q* that gives the lowest
total cost

Quantity Discount Models

Total cost curve for discount 2

Total cost $

Total cost
curve for
discount 1

b
a

Q* for discount 2 is below the allowable range at

point a and must be adjusted upward to 1,000 units
at point b

1st price
break

Total cost curve for discount 3

2nd price
break

1,000

2,000
Order quantity

Figure 12.7

Quantity Discount Example

Calculate Q* for every
discount

Q* =

2DS
IP

Q1* =

2(5,000)(49)
= 700 cars/order
(.2)(5.00)

Q2* =

2(5,000)(49)
(.2)(4.80)

= 714 cars/order

Q3* =

2(5,000)(49)
(.2)(4.75)

= 718 cars/order

Quantity Discount Example

Calculate Q* for every
discount

Q* =

2DS
IP

Q1* =

2(5,000)(49)
= 700 cars/order
(.2)(5.00)

Q2* =

2(5,000)(49)
= 714 cars/order
(.2)(4.80)
1,000 adjusted

Q3* =

2(5,000)(49)
= 718 cars/order
(.2)(4.75)
2,000 adjusted

Quantity Discount Example

Order
Quantity

Annual
Product
Cost

Annual
Ordering
Cost

$25,000

$350

$350

$25,700

$245

$480

$24,725

$950

$24,822.50

Discount
Number

Unit
Price

$5.00

$4.80 1,000

$24,000

$4.75 2,000

$23.750

700

$122.50

Annual
Holding
Cost

Total

Table 12.3

Choose the price and quantity that gives the lowest

total cost
Buy 1,000 units at $4.80 per unit

Caso de Estudio
En una fabrica de jugos se tiene:
H = .14, CO = 12, D = 6240/ao
Asumiendo que se aplican este plan de
descuentos:
Quantity
Ordered
<300
300- 600
600-1000
1000-5000
5000

Unit
Cost
$
$
$
$

$10.00
9.75
9.50
9.40
9.00

Conclusiones