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KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
Representation –
a collection of objects that can be referred to for other
symbols or physical objects. We need representation of an object or situation
when we can’t access the “real thing or situation” itself.
to capture critical features of a problem
The Need for a Good Representation
If-then Rules
IF there are 6 flat surfaces
AND the size and shape of each surfaces is the same
THEN the object has a cubic shape
Semantic nets
human cat
Ahmed Kitty
Human Ali
Knowledge Base
Inference system
Syntax
The “notational” aspects.
How to encode knowledge explicitly.
Grammatical rules – the symbols to use and the way to
combine them.
Similar to natural language, where correct sentence structure
(e.g. subject-verb-object)
Example of different syntax expressing same content:
(green my-car)
green(my-car)
my-car.green = true
Semantics
Concerns the meaning of symbols.
Example
If a system knows that green(my-car), it knows that
some property (green) is true about some
symbol(mycar), but what does my-car and green
mean?
Example
The system knows that all cars have engines and a
Toyota is a car. Will it be able to infer that Toyota has an
engine?
Knowledge and Inference
Example:
The computer can infer that Tweety moves by flying
bird
is_a moves_by
tweety flying
Example – Modus Ponens
Example
is_a(tweety, bird).
moves_by(y, flying) :- is_a(y,
bird).
What makes a good representation?
Relation
IF the fuel tank is empty
THEN the car engine can’t be started
Recommendation
IF the season is autumn
AND the sky is cloudy
AND the forecasted weather is drizzle
THEN the advice is “take along an umbrella”
Directive
IF the car is dead
AND the fuel tank is empty
THEN the action is “refuel the car”
Some examples of Production Rules
Strategy
IF the car is dead
THEN the action is “check the fuel tank”;
step 1 is complete
IF step 1 is complete
AND the fuel tank is not empty
THEN the action is “check battery”;
step 2 is complete
Heuristic
IF the spill is liquid
AND the spill pH is < 6
AND the spill smells vinegar
THEN the spill material is “acetic acid”
if-then Rules or Production Rules
backward chaining
forward chaining
if-then Rules or Production Rules
IF
1 condition is primary bacteremia, and
2 the site of the culture is one of the sterilesites, and
3 the sustected portal of entry of the organism is the gastrointestinal tract
THEN
there is suggestive evidence (0.7) that the identity of the organism is
bacteroides.
Sample rule extracted from Mycin Expert system.
Forward Chaining in Production Rules
Homonym . Two concepts, A and B, are expressed by the same symbol. Example:
Both a financial institution and a edge of a river are expressed by the word bank (the word has two
senses).
Is-a Has-parts
A-kind-of Connected-to
Type-kind Made-of Has-attribute
Whole-part Object-property
Part-of Object-action
Instance-of Action-result
Attribute-of Object-example
Example of Semantic Network
Example of Semantic Network
Kitchen
Bath-
room
Hall