Chapter 3 Cells

Chapter 3: Cells
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights

reserved.
Cells
A GENERALIZED VIEW OF THE CELL

THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
TRANSPORT ACROSS THE PLASMA
MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
NUCLEUS
GENE ACTION: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
SOMATIC CELL DIVISION
CELLULAR DIVERSITY
AGING AND CELLS
2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Generalized View of the

Cell
Cells vary greatly in size, shape and function,

but all cells have common features and
components
All cells have three main regions
Nucleus
Cytoplasm cytosol and organelles
Plasma membrane
A Generalized View of the

Cell
Anatomy Overview:
Cell Structure and Function
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Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Plasma Membrane
Selectively permeable permits some substances to

cross more easily than others
Primarily lipid barrier that surrounds and contains the
cytoplasm of a cell
Lipid barrier consists of two back to back phospholipid
layers
Lipid bilayer contains numerous proteins
Integral proteins extend through membrane

Peripheral proteins found on one surface
Membrane proteins function as channels, receptors and

cell identity markers
The Plasma Membrane
Anatomy Overview:
Plasma Membrane Structure

Transport Across the Plasma

Membrane
Membrane transport substance movement

into or out of the cell
Two general methods of transport
____ transport no energy required

____ transport cell must use energy (ATP)
The plasma membrane allows some

substances to move into and out of the cell but
restricts the passage of other substances
This property of membranes is called _____


Membrane
Membrane transport substance movement into

or out of the cell
Two general methods of transport
Passive transport no energy required

Active transport cell must use energy (ATP)
The plasma membrane allows some substances

to move into and out of the cell but restricts the
passage of other substances
This property of membranes is called selective

permeability

Membrane
____ (ICF) fluid in body cells

____ (ECF) fluid outside body cells
____ fluid ECF between cells in tissues
____ ECF in blood vessels
____ ECF in lymphatic vessels
____ any material dissolved in a fluid
____ fluid that dissolves materials

Membrane
Intracellular fluid (ICF) fluid in body cells

Extracellular fluid (ECF) fluid outside body
cells
Interstitial fluid ECF between cells in tissues
Plasma ECF in blood vessels
Lymph ECF in lymphatic vessels
Solute any material dissolved in a fluid
Solvent fluid that dissolves materials

Membrane Diffusion
The selective permeability of the plasma membrane supports the existence

of concentration gradients, differences in the concentration of chemicals
between one side of the membrane and the other.
Diffusion is the movement of substances due to their kinetic energy. In net

diffusion, substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. At equilibrium the
concentration is the same throughout the solution.
In simple diffusion, lipid-soluble substances move through the lipid bilayer.

In facilitated diffusion, substances cross the membrane with the
assistance of ion channels and carriers.

Membrane Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a

selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water
concentration to an area of lower water concentration. In an
isotonic solution, red blood cells maintain their normal
shape; in a hypotonic solution, they gain water and undergo
hemolysis; in a hypertonic solution, they lose water and
undergo crenation.

Membrane Vesicular
Transport
Transport in vesicles includes both endocytosis

(phagocytosis and bulk-phase endocytosis [pinocytosis])
and exocytosis. Phagocytosis is the ingestion of solid
particles. It is an important process used by some white blood
cells to destroy bacteria that enter the body. Bulk-phase
endocytosis is the ingestion of extracellular fluid. Exocytosis
involves movement of secretory or waste products out of a
cell by fusion of vesicles within the cell with the plasma
membrane.

Membrane Passive
Processes
Diffusion particles
distribute
themselves evenly
(homogenously)
within a solution
moving from high
concentration to low
concentration

Membrane Passive
Processes

Membrane Passive
Processes

Membrane Passive
Processes

Membrane Passive
Processes

Membrane

Membrane Active Processes
Active processes are required when materials

are unable to pass through the cell
membrane by diffusion
e.g. too large, unable to dissolve in the fat core of

the membrane, or have to move up a
concentration gradient

Membrane Active Processes
Animation:
Transport Across the Plasma Membrane

24
Transport
Across the
Plasma
Membrane
Active
Processes

Membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm includes all the cellular contents between the

plasma membrane and nucleus; it consists of cytosol and
organelles.
Organelles are specialized cellular structures with

characteristic shapes and specific functions.
Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of several kinds of

protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm;
they provide a structural framework for the cell and
generate movements. Components of the cytoskeleton
include microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and
microtubules.
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Provides a
framework for
cellular shape and
organization
Functions in
internal and
external cellular
movement
Cytoplasm Centrosome
The centrosome is an organelle that

consists of two centrioles and pericentriolar
material. The centrosome serves as a center
for organizing microtubules in interphase
cells and the mitotic spindle during cell
division.
Cytoplasm Centrosome
Forms a
scaffold
essential for
duplication of
cellular DNA
during cellular
division
Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Ribosomes, composed of ribosomal RNA

and ribosomal proteins, consist of two
subunits and are the sites of protein
synthesis.
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Synthesize all
_______
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Synthesize all
proteins
Cytoplasm Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes that
extends from the nuclear envelope throughout the cytoplasm.

Rough ER is studded with ribosomes. Proteins synthesized
on the ribosomes enter the ER for processing and sorting.
The ER is also where glycoproteins and phospholipids form.
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes. It is the site where fatty acids

and steroids are synthesized. Smooth ER also participates in
releasing glucose from the liver into the bloodstream,
inactivating or detoxifying drugs and other potentially harmful
substances, and storing and releasing calcium ions that
trigger contraction in muscle cells.
Reticulum
______ER
studded with
ribosomes to
synthesize proteins
embedded in
membranes
______ER
involved in calcium
regulation, lipid
synthesis &
detoxification
Reticulum
Rough ER
studded with
ribosomes to
synthesize proteins
embedded in
membranes
Smooth ER
involved in calcium
regulation, lipid
synthesis &
detoxification
Cytoplasm Golgi Complex
The Golgi complex consists of flattened sacs called cisterns

that receive proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Within the
Golgi cisterns the proteins are modified, sorted, and packaged
into vesicles for transport to different destinations.
Some processed proteins leave the cell in secretory vesicles,

some are incorporated into the plasma membrane, and some
enter lysosomes.
Cytoplasm Golgi Complex
Modifies
proteins
Forms
secretory
vesicles
Cytoplasm Mitochondria
Mitochondria consist of a smooth outer

membrane, an inner membrane containing
folds called mitochondrial cristae, and a
fluid-filled cavity called the matrix. They are
called powerhouses of the cell because
they produce most of a cells ATP.
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Powerhouses of
the cell that form
most cellular ___
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Powerhouses of
the cell that form
most cellular ATP
Cytoplasm Lysosomes,
Peroxisomes, and
Proteasomes
Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain digestive
enzymes. They function in digestion of worn-out organelles (autophagy)

and even in digestion of their own cell (autolysis).
Peroxisomes are similar to lysosomes but smaller. They oxidize various

organic substances.
Proteasomes contain proteases that continually degrade unneeded,

damaged, or faulty proteins.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
The nucleus consists of a double nuclear envelope; nuclear pores, which control the
movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm; nucleoli, which produce
ribosomes; and genes arranged on chromosomes.
Most body cells have a single nucleus; some (red blood cells) have none, and others
(skeletal muscle cells) have several.
Genes control cellular structure and most cellular functions.
Master control center

of the cell that
contains hereditary
genetic material
(DNA)
Gene Action Protein

Synthesis
Gene Action
Protein Synthesis
___________
process by which a
RNA copy
(messenger RNA
or mRNA) of a
DNA gene is
produced
Gene Action
Protein Synthesis
Transcription
process by which a
RNA copy
(messenger RNA
or mRNA) of a
DNA gene is
produced
Gene Action Protein

Synthesis
Translation process by which a messenger

RNA is read in order to manufacture the
corresponding protein
Gene
Action
Protein
Synthesis
Gene Action Protein

Synthesis
Most of the cellular machinery is devoted to protein synthesis.
Cells make proteins by transcribing and translating the

genetic information encoded in the sequence of four types of
nitrogenous bases in DNA.
In transcription, genetic information encoded in the DNA

base sequence (base triplet) is copied into a complementary
sequence of bases in a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA)
called a codon. Transcription begins on DNA in a region
called a promoter.
Gene Action Protein

Synthesis
Translation is the process in which mRNA associates with
ribosomes and directs synthesis of a protein, converting the

nucleotide sequence in mRNA into a specific sequence of
amino acids in the protein.
In translation, mRNA binds to a ribosome, specific amino

acids attach to transfer RNA (tRNA), and anticodons of
tRNA bind to codons of mRNA, bringing specific amino
acids into position on a growing protein.
Translation begins at the start codon and terminates at the

stop codon.
Animation:
Protein Synthesis

60
Somatic Cell Division
Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce themselves. Cell division
that results in an increase in the number of body cells is called somatic cell
division; it involves a nuclear division called mitosis plus division of the
cytoplasm, called cytokinesis.
Cell division that results in the production of sperm and oocytes is called
reproductive cell division.
The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events in somatic cell division in which a
cell duplicates its contents and divides in two. It consists of interphase and a
mitotic phase.
During interphase, the DNA molecules, or chromosomes, replicate themselves so

that identical chromosomes can be passed on to the next generation of cells. A
cell that is between divisions and is carrying on every life process except division
is said to be in interphase.
Somatic Cell Division
Mitosis is the replication and distribution of two sets of

chromosomes into separate and equal nuclei; it consists of
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
During cytokinesis, which usually begins late in anaphase and

ends in telophase, a cleavage furrow forms and progresses
inward, cutting through the cell to form two separate identical
cells, each with equal portions of cytoplasm, organelles, and
chromosomes.
Somatic
Cell
Division
Cellular Diversity
The different types of cells in the body vary considerably

in size and shape.
The sizes of cells are measured in micrometers. One

micrometer (m) equals 10-6 m (1/25,000 of an inch).
Cells in the body range from 8 m to 140 m in size.
A cells shape is related to its function.
Cellular
Diversity
Aging and Cells
Aging is a normal process accompanied by progressive

alteration of the bodys homeostatic adaptive responses.
Many theories of aging

have been proposed,
including genetically
programmed cessation of
cell division, shortening of
telomeres, addition of glucose
to proteins, buildup of free radicals, and an intensified
autoimmune response.
End of Chapter 3
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Chapter 3: Cells

Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights

A GENERALIZED VIEW OF THE CELL

A Generalized View of the

Cells vary greatly in size, shape and function,

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Generalized View of the

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

You must be connected to the internet to run this animation.

The Plasma Membrane

Selectively permeable permits some substances to

Integral proteins extend through membrane

Membrane proteins function as channels, receptors and

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Plasma Membrane

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

You must be connected to the internet to run this animation.

Transport Across the Plasma

Membrane transport substance movement

____ transport no energy required

The plasma membrane allows some

This property of membranes is called _____

Transport Across the Plasma

Membrane transport substance movement into

Passive transport no energy required

The plasma membrane allows some substances

This property of membranes is called selective

Transport Across the Plasma

____ (ICF) fluid in body cells

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transport Across the Plasma

Intracellular fluid (ICF) fluid in body cells

Transport Across the Plasma

The selective permeability of the plasma membrane supports the existence

Diffusion is the movement of substances due to their kinetic energy. In net

In simple diffusion, lipid-soluble substances move through the lipid bilayer.

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transport Across the Plasma

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transport Across the Plasma

Transport in vesicles includes both endocytosis

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transport Across the Plasma

Transport Across the Plasma

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transport Across the Plasma

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transport Across the Plasma

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transport Across the Plasma

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transport Across the Plasma

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transport Across the Plasma

Active processes are required when materials

e.g. too large, unable to dissolve in the fat core of

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transport Across the Plasma

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

You must be connected to the internet to run this animation.

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transport Across the Plasma

2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.