Chapter 13a Organic

Chemistry
13-1. Carbon Bonds
13-2. Alkanes
13-3. Petroleum Products
13-4. Structural Formulas
13-5. Isomers
13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
13-7. Benzene
13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups
13-9. Functional Groups
13-10. Polymers

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon

compounds; inorganic chemistry is the
chemistry of compounds of all elements other
than carbon.
The general properties of carbon compounds are:
1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes.
2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are
usually slow.
3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air
but rapidly if heated.
4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high
temperatures.

13-3. Petroleum Products

Fractional distillation
Catalytic cracking
Modern cracking uses zeolites as the
catalyst.

13-3. Petroleum Products

13-5. Isomers
Optical Isomers
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/ch
m19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm

Structural Isomers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=9TARwJPJjjk

13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated compounds have double or
triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more
reactive than saturated compounds,
which have only single carbon-carbon
bonds (alkanes and similar compounds).

13.7 Benzene
Aromatic compounds

Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that

do not contain benzene rings.

13.8 Hydrocarbon
Groups
Alkanes or Hydrocarbons

Methane 1 carbon
Ethane

2 carbons

Propane 3 carbons
Butane

4 carbons

Pentane 5 carbons
Hexane 6 carbons
Heptane 7 carbons
Octane

8 carbons

Table 13.1

13-9. Functional
Groups
Alkenes
Ethene

2 carbons

Alkynes
Acetylene 2 carbons

Propene 3 carbons

Propyne 3 carbons

Butene

Butyne

4 carbons

4 carbons

Pentene 5 carbons

Pentyne 5 carbons

Hexene 6 carbons

Hexyne 6 carbons

Heptene 7 carbons

Heptyne 7 carbons

Octene

Octyne

8 carbons

9 carbons

Fig. 13.9, etc.

Acetylene
gas welding
and cutting.

13-9. Functional
Groups
Alcohols
Ethanol 2 carbons
Propanol 3 carbons
Butanol 4 carbons
Pentanol 5 carbons
Hexanole 6 carbons
Heptanol 7 carbons
Octanol 8 carbons

13-9. Functional
Groups
Ethers
oxygen in the middle

Aldehydes
Double bond O with H on end

13-49 Functional
Groups
Ketones
Double bond O in middle

Carboxylic Acids
Double bond O with OH

13-9. Functional
Groups
Amines
NH2 on end

Esters
Double bond O with O both in middle

Table 13.2

13-3. Petroleum Products

Polymerization-the making of plastics
Vinyl

13-10 Polymers
A polymer is a long chain of simple
molecules (monomers) linked together.
Polymers that contain the vinyl group are
classed as vinyls. Some examples of
polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon,
and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is
thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be
shaped when heated but becomes rigid again
on cooling..

Table 13.3

13-10 Polymers
A copolymer is a polymer that consists of
two different monomers. Dynel and Saran
Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that
contain two double bonds in each molecule
form flexible, elastic polymers called
elastomers; rubber and neoprene are
examples. Polyamides and polyesters are
polymers produced by chemical reactions
rather than by the polymerization of
monomers.
.

13-10 Polymers
Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between
carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a nostick surface in cookware.
.

13-10 Polymers
The Society of Plastic Industries, Inc.
(SPI) numbering system.

13-10 Polymers
(1) PET-Polyethylene Teraphthalate- Milk, water, detergent & oil
bottles, toys, containers used outside, surfboards, paint
brushes, parts and plastic bags.
(2) HDPE-High Density Polyethylene- Milk, water, detergent & oil
bottles, toys, containers used outside, traffic cones, parts and
plastic bags.
(3) PVC-Polyvinyl Chloride- Food wrap, vegetable oil bottles,
floor mats, hoses, pipes, blister packages or automotive parts.
(4) LDPE-Low Density Polyethylene- Many plastic bags. Shrink
wrap, grocery bags, garment bags or containers and parts.
(5) PP-Polypropylene- Refrigerated containers, some bags, most
bottle tops, some carpets, paint buckets, video cassette
containers, some food wrap, yogurt containers, syrup bottles
and diapers.
(6) PS-Polystyrene- Throwaway utensils, meat packing,
styrofoam cups, food service trays, license plate holders, trash
cans and protective packing.
(7) Other-layered or mixed plastics-PLA or Polyactic Acid (D & L
conformations cause numbers to differ)

Testing for Type of Plastic

See Lab 19

Chapter 13b Organic

Chemistry
13-11. Carbohydrates
13-12. Photosynthesis
13-13. Lipids
13-14. Proteins
13-15 Soil Nitrogen
13-16. Nucleic Acids
13-17. Origin of Life

13-11.
Carbohydrates

-Allose

-Altrose

-Mannose

-Gulose

-Idose

-Galactose

-Glucose
(analdose)
D

-Glucose

-D-Glucose

-D-Glucose

-Talose

-D-Glucose
(chairform)

13.11
Polysaccharides

Sucrose

Lactose

Amylopectin

Maltose

13.11
Polysaccharides

Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to

paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in
the stomachs of cows help them digest
cellulose in plants.

13.12
Photosynthesis

13.12
Photosynthesis

13-13. Lipids

Soap Molecule
with Polar head
and non-polar tail

Saturated and
Unsaturated Fatty Acid

13-13. Lipids

13-14. Proteins
The polypeptide chain forms a backbone structure
in proteins:
On first inspection, this structure appears to be connected
entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It should therefore be
as flexible as a simple hydrocarbon chain.
Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not occur by
bending bonds, and the normal tetrahedral or trigonal
planar bond angles are maintained. Instead, different shapes
are obtained by torsional rotation about the axis of the
bonds:

13-15 Soil
Nitrogen

13-16. Nucleic Acids

. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence
of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation.

13-17. Origin of Life

2001 Space Odyssey

HAL 9000
Where did Clarke and Kuberick
get the name HAL?

IBM
IBM thought Hardware would be King!
Net worth in 2013 $112.5 billion.
Who really became King?
Bill Gates software MS DOS!
Net worth $72.6 billion in 2013
Microsoft Net worth $290
billion in 2013
.

Intelligent Design
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CwL7xXUriE#t=23

DNA
Moon same size as the sun to us
Atmosphere
Magnetic field
Just right size for the right gravity
Just the right distance from the sun
Titius -Bode Law-planetary distances from sun have a pattern
Dark energy and matter
Patterns in electron energy levels
The brain-greatest brain authority says we know nothing
The eye-seeing only colors
Only 4 basic forces?? What about Intelligence?
What are the 4 forces and where do they come from?
There is no evidence that one species has changed into another
Tunneling affect of electrons
Not enough time for man to evolve by chance (14 billion years)
Paranormal evidence