Bipolar junction Transistors

Lecturer: Ms. Farwah Ahmad

Email: farwah.ahmad@yahoo.com

Intro..

Bipolar Junction Transistors

3 terminal devices
collector (c)
base (b)
emitter (e)

Base is a very thin region with less dopants

Base collector junction reversed biased
Base emitter junction forward biased

NPN Transistor Most Common Configuration

Theres a depletion layer on the Base-Collector junction no flow of
e- allowed.
BUT the Base is thin and Emitter region is n + (heavily doped)
electrons have enough momentum to cross the Base into the
Collector

Biased transistor

The heavily doped emitter has the

following job:
To emit its free electron into the
base.
The lightly doped base has the following
job:
To pass emitter injected electrons
on to the collector.
The collector is so named because it
collects most of the electrons from the
base.

Transistor currents
IB: dc base current
IE: dc emitter current
IC: dc collector current
VBE: dc voltage at base with respect to
emitter
VCB: dc voltage at collector with respect to
base
VCE: dc voltage at collector with respect to
emitter

BJT Characteristics

Current Gain:

is the fraction of electrons that

diffuse across the narrow Base region
1- is the fraction of electrons that
recombine with holes in the Base
region to create base current

The current Gain is expressed in

terms of the (beta) of the
transistor.
(beta) is Temperature and Voltage
dependent.

I C I E
I B (1 ) I E
IC

IB 1

The CE Connection

3 useful way to connect a transistor

Common Emitter (CE)
Common Collector (CC)
Common Base (CB)

The common or ground of each source is connected to the emitter

Two loops
Left loop is the base loop
Right loop is the collector loop

Examples

A transistor has a collector current of 10 mA and a base current of 40 micro A.

What is the current gain of the transistor?

A transistor has a current gain of 175. If the base current is 0.1 mA, What is the
collector current?

A transistor has a collector current of 100 mA and the current gain is 65, What
is the emitter current?

The Base Curve

Looks like the graph of an ordinary diode

For ideal diode VBE = 0.

With the second approximation VBE = 0.7

Use the second approximation to calculate the base

current. What is the voltage across the base resistor?
The collector current is if = 200?

The Collector Curve

Collector Voltage

Region of operation
Cut-off Region
Active Region
Breakdown Region
Saturation Region

Example
The

shown transistor has = 300. Calculate

IB, IC, VCE and PD.

Transistor Approximations

Ideal Approximation

The second Approximation

Example

What is the collector-emitter voltage. Using the ideal transistor ,

using the second approximation.