Water Treatment & Chemicals

for Boiler Water Systems

Boiler
Boiler is an apparatus to produce steam.
Thermal energy released by combustion of fuel
issued to make steam at the desired temperature
and pressure.
The steam produced is used for :
1). For generating power in steam engines or steam
turbines.
2). Heating the residential and industrialbuildings.
3). Performing certain processes in the sugar
mills, chemical and textile industries.

Selection of boiler
The working pressure & quality of steam.
Steam generation.
Floor area available.
Accessibility for repair & inspection.
Comparative initial cost.
Erection facilities.
The probable load factor.
The fuel & water available. Operating & maintenance
cost.

Boiler properties
a). Safety : The boiler should be safe under the operating conditions.
b). Accessibility : the various part of boiler should be accessible for
repair & maintenance.
c). Capacity : Should be capable of supplying Steam according to the
requirements.
d). Efficiency : Should be able to absorb a maximum amount of heat
produced due to burning of fuel in the furnace.
e). It should be simple in construction .
f). Its initial cost and maintenance cost is low.
g). It should be capable of quick starting and loading .

Types of Boiler
A boiler is used to heat water and generate required steam or hot water
There are various types of boilers according to
their uses, boilers are classified according to :
1.their structures,
2.the methods of water circulation,
3.the types of fuels,
4.the kinds of the materials used

Classification of Boilers
The boiler may be classified as :
a.Horizontal, vertical or inclined
b.Fire tube & water tube
c.Externally fired & internally fired
d.High pressure & low pressure
e.Forced circulation & natural circulation
f.Stationary & portable
g.Single tube & multi tube boilers

a. Horizontal , vertical or
inclined
If the axis of boiler is horizontal, the boiler is called
horizontal.
If the axis is vertical then it is called vertical.
If the axis is inclined then it is called inclined.
Advantage of horizontal boiler:
a.it should be repaired easily.
b.occupies less floor area.
Disadvantage:
a. it occupies more space

b. Fire tube & water tube

boiler

In the fire tube boiler the hot gases are inside

the tubes & the water surrounds in the tube.

ex. Cochran, locomotive etc.
In the water tube boiler the water is inside the
tube & the hot gases are surround them.
ex. Stirling

c. Externally & internally

fired boiler

The boiler is known as externally fired if the fire

is outside the shell.
ex. Babcock & wilcox
In case of internally fired boilers, the furnace is
located inside the boiler shell.
ex: cochran, lancashire etc.

d. Forced circulation & natural

circulation
In forced circulation type of boilers the
circulation of water is done by forced pumps.
ex. Velox, lamont
In natural circulation type of boiler the circulation
of water in boiler takes place due to natural
convention.

ex. Lancashire, babcock

e. High pressure & low pressure

boilers
The boilers which produce steam at pressure of
80 bar and above are called high pressure boiler.
ex. Velox
The boiler which produce steam at pressure below
80 bar are called low pressure boiler.
ex. cochran

f. Stationary & portable boilers

Stationary boilers are used for power plant-steam,
for central station utility power plants, for plant
process steam etc.
Portable boilers are include locomotive type &
other small units for temporary use at sites.

g. Single tube multi-tube boilers

The fire tube boilers are classified as single tube &
multi tube boilers, depending upon the fire tube is
one more than one.
Ex: cornish boiler

Types of Boiler
In general, they are roughly classified into :
1.cylindrical boilers and
2.water-tube boilers
Boiler mainly classified as:
a.fire tube
b.water tube

Fire tube boiler

a.

Fire tube boiler

Horizontal return fire tube boiler is most
suitable for low capacity thermal power plant.
The main constructional features of this boiler are
one big size steam drum which lies horizontally
upon supporting structures.
There are numbers of fire tubes come from
furnace and also aligned horizontally inside the
drum. When the drum is filled with water these
tubes are submerged in water.

Fire tube boiler

Horizontal return fire tube boiler is most
suitable for low capacity thermal power plant.
The main constructional features of this boiler are
one big size steam drum which lies horizontally
upon supporting structures.
There are numbers of fire tubes come from
furnace and also aligned horizontally inside the
drum. When the drum is filled with water these
tubes are submerged in water.

Fire tube boiler

The fuels (normally coal) burnt in the furnace and
combustible gasses move into the fire tubes, travel through
these tubes from rear to front of the boiler drum and
finally the gases come into the smoke box.
The hot gasses in the tubes under water transfer heat to
the water via the tube walls.
Due to this heat energy steam bubbles are created and
come up upon the water surface.
As the amount of steam is increased in that closed drum,
steam pressure inside the drum increases which increase
significantly the boiling temperature of the water and hence
rate of production of steam is reduced. In this way a fire
tube boiler controls its won pressure. In other words this is
a self pressure controlled boiler.

Fire tube boiler

The fuels (normally coal) burnt in the furnace and
combustible gasses move into the fire tubes, travel through
these tubes from rear to front of the boiler drum and
finally the gases come into the smoke box.
The hot gasses in the tubes under water transfer heat to
the water via the tube walls.
Due to this heat energy steam bubbles are created and
come up upon the water surface.
As the amount of steam is increased in that closed drum,
steam pressure inside the drum increases which increase
significantly the boiling temperature of the water and hence
rate of production of steam is reduced. In this way a fire
tube boiler controls its won pressure. In other words this is
a self pressure controlled boiler.

Fire tube boiler

Advantage of fire tube boiler
1) Compact in construction.
2) Fluctuation of steam demand can be met easily.
3) Cheaper than water tube boiler.
Disadvantage of fire tube boiler
1)Due to large water the required steam pressure rising time quite
high.
2)Output steam pressure cannot be very high since the water and
steam are kept in same vessel.
3)The steam received from fire tube boiler is not very dry.
4)In a fire tube boiler, the steam drum is always under pressure, so
there may be a chance of huge explosion which resulting to severe
accident.

Fire tube boiler

Relationship between the heating surface area and the evaporation
rate of water-tube boilers
Lihat file

Relationship between the heating surface area and the evaporation

rate of fire and flue-tube boilers
Lihat file

Water tube boiler

lihat file

Awater tube boileris such kind of boiler where the water is heated
inside tubes and the hot gasses surround them. This is the basic
definition of water tube boiler. Actually this boiler is just opposite of
fire tube boilerwhere hot gasses are passed through tubes which are
surrounded by water.
Advantages of Water Tube Boiler
There are manyadvantages of water tube boilerdue to which these
types of boiler are essentially used in large thermal power station.
1.Larger heating surface can be achieved by using more numbers of
water tubes
2.Due to convectional flow, movement of water is much faster than that
offire tube boiler; hence rate of heat transfer is high which results
into higher efficiency
3.Very high pressure in order of 140 kg/cm2can be obtained smoothly

Water tube boiler

Types of Water Tube Boiler
There are manytypes of water tube boiler.
They can be sub-categorized in three types, namely,
1) Horizontal Straight Tube Boiler
2) Bent Tube Boiler
3) Cyclone Fired Boiler

Water tube boiler

Horizontal Straight Tube Boiler again can be sub-divided into two
different types, such as
i. Longitudinal Drum Boiler
ii. Cross Drum Boiler
Bent Tube Boiler also can be sub-divided into four different types,
such as
i. Two Drum Bent Tube Boiler
ii. Three Drum Bent Tube Boiler
iii. Low Head Three Drum Bent Tube Boiler
iv. Four Drum Bent Tube Boiler

Comparison between
fire tube & water tube
boiler
No.
Particulars
Fire tube boilers
Water tube

boilers
1.Mode of firing
2.Rate of steam production
3.Construction
4.Transportation
5.Treatment of water
6.Operating pressure
7.Floor area
8.Shell diameter
power
9.Explosion
10.Risk of bursting

Internally fired
Externally fired
lower
Higher
Difficult Simple
Difficult Simple
Not so necessary
More necessary
Limited to 16 bar
Under high pressure as
100 bar
More floor area
Less floor area
Large for same power
Small same
Less
lesser

More
More risk

Boiler Performance
1). Evaporative capacity :
It can be expressed in terms of :
a.kg of steam/hr
b.kg of hour/hr/m2 of heating surface
c.kg of steam/kg of fuel fired
2). Factor of Evaporation
It is defined as the ratio of the heat received by 1kg of water at the working
conditions to that received by 1 kg of water evaporated from and at 100 degree.

Tugas
Jelaskan cara kerja dan gambar :
FIRE TUBE BOILERS
1). Simple vertical boiler
2). Cochran boiler
3.) Cornish boiler
4). Lancashire boiler
5). Locomotive boilers

Tugas
Jelaskan cara kerja dan gambar :
WATER TUBE BOILERS
1). Horizontal Straight tube boiler :
a.Longitudinal drum
b.Cross drum,
Types of cross drum boiler :
1.two drum
2.three drum
3.four drum
2). Bent tube boiler ,
Type of bent tube boiler adalah Low head three drum