Non-Mendelian Genetics

Non-Mendelian Genetics
Some traits dont follow the simple
dominant/recessive rules that Mendel first
applied to genetics.
Traits can be controlled by more than one
gene.
Some alleles are neither dominant nor
recessive.

Incomplete Dominance
One allele is not completely dominant over
another.
The heterozygous phenotype is a blending
of the two homozygous phenotypes.
Example: four oclock flowers
rr=red
ww=white
rw=pink (blending of the two alleles)

Codominance
Two alleles are both
expressed as a
dominant phenotype
Coat color in cows
RR: Red
WW: White
RW: Roan, white with
red spots (NOT pink!)

Multiple-Allele Series
Codominance
More than two choices of alleles are present for a
trait
ABO blood type has three alleles
ABO Blood types:
If both A and B are present, type is AB
Neither is recessive

Individuals can be type A, B, AB, or O (recessive)

What is blood made up of?

The red blood cells
contain hemoglobin.
Red blood cells transport O2 and CO2
to and from body tissues.

The white blood cells

fight infection.

The platelets

help the blood to clot

The plasma
Fluid which contains salts and
various kinds of proteins.

Determining Blood Type

Protein molecules found on the surface
of RBCs and in the blood plasma
determine the blood type of an individual.
Antigens are located on the surface of the
red blood cells
Antibodies are in the blood plasma.

What are the different blood

groups?
Blood group A (IA, IA ), (IA, i)
have A antigens on the surface of
red blood cells and B antibodies in
blood plasma.
Blood group B (IB, IB ), (IB, i)
have B antigens on the surface of
red blood cells and A antibodies in
blood plasma.

What are the different blood

groups?
Blood group AB (IA, IB )
have both A and B antigens on the
surface of red blood cells and no A or B
antibodies in blood plasma.
Blood group O (i, i)
have neither A or B antigens on the
surface of red blood cells but have both A
and B antibodies in blood plasma.

Blood transfusions who can

receive blood from whom?
The transfusion will work if a person who
is going to receive blood has a blood
group that doesn't have any antibodies
against the donor blood's antigens.

 People with blood group 0 are called

"universal donors" and people with
blood group AB are called "universal
receivers."

Rh Factor
Refers to another antigen on red blood
cells
Dominant trait is to have the antigen
Rh+

Recessive trait is not to have it

Rh-

A person with Rh- blood will produce

antibodies to Rh+ blood
Can be a problem in pregnancy

Sex-Linked Inheritance

Review
Males have an X and a Y
chromosome
Females have two X
chromosomes
These chromosomes determine
sex, so genes located on these
chromosomes are known as
sex-linked genes.

 The X chromosome is
much larger than the Y, so
it carries more genes than
the Y chromosome.
Disorders that are sex-linked are much
more common in males, because they
would only need 1 recessive allele to have
the trait; rather than the two recessive
alleles the females need.

Hemophilia
Recessive trait
Disorder where individuals are missing the
normal blood clotting protein.
Uncontrolled bleeds from minor cuts or
bruises.
Female genotype:
Male genotype:

Colorblindness

Recessive
Inability to see certain colors
Female genotype:
Male genotype:

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Recessive
Progressive weakening and loss of
skeletal muscle.
Defective version of gene that codes for
muscle protein
Female genotype:
Male genotype:

 EXAMPLES!!
A woman who is heterozygous for normal
vision marries a man who is colorblind.
What are the chances of them having a
son or daughter who is colorblind?
**NOTE: You have to use Xs and Ys, and
read the punnett square separately for
boys and girls!**

 A woman who is homozygous for normal

blood clotting marries a man who has
hemophilia. What are the chances of
them having a son or daughter with
hemophilia?