Computer Architecture :

Lecture 2

Understanding Basics of
Addresses
Ask your friend who cannot read Urdu, to pick
a book for you (marked red) from an Urdu
book shelf, and give it to you. After you have
read it, ask it to place in the shelf marked
with black arrow

Understanding Basics of
Addresses

Hence we will need to tell him two number.

The shelf number (vertical) and number of
book (horizontal)

Understanding Basics of
Addresses
1. The addresses also work in same manner.
We need to inform about the addresses to
memory (in a stack) in vertical and horizontal
(size of address, normally 8 bit)
2. The memory can be said to divide into cell.
3. The address bus generate a binary number,
which gives us information of memory cell, and
its size.
Early processors used a wire for each bit of the
address width. For example, a 16-bit address
bus had 16 physical wires making up the bus.

The big problem

Lets say processor want to add.
Here we need to understand what operand is.
Operand is that data element on which
operation is carried out. So if we are adding
two numbers we need two operands

The big problem

As per previous discussion, processor can
only read from one memory cell and if we
want to add two numbers. We need two
operands.
But we know that our processor can only
read from one memory cell.
So the question is, how can it carry put
operations on two operands

What an Idea Sir jee

We all know that at one time we can access
data only from one memory cell.
But in carrying most operations we need two
memory locations (like addition,
subtractions).
In this case, the processor store data of first
memory cell in its own memory, called
Register (scratch pad ram) and then carries
out the operation using data stored in
register and the data stored second memory
cell.

Understanding basic of
Registers

 Although different manufactures name their

registers independently. We here have a look
at general architecture regarding the
registers
Accumulator Register
Pointer/Index/Base Register
Flags / Program Status Word Register

Accumulator Register
Function
1. Mathematical and logical operations are carried
out in this register
2. Example add, subtract, or gate
3. The 8 bit processor means the accumulator is
also 8 bit

Pointer/Index/Base Register
. Stores addresses not data
Anindex registerin a computer's CPU is a
processorregisterused for modifying
operand addresses during the run of a
program,

Why we need to
store addresses

Flags / Program Status Word

Register
Flag register can be of 8 bit 16 bit or 32 bit.
Each bit in this flag represents or show some
separate information.

Instruction Groups
We all know that computer works with the
help of instructions. We have divided the
different instructions in different groups, for
better understanding. Their name are as
follow:

Data Movement instructions

Arithmetic / Logic Instructions\
Program Control Instruction
Special instructions

 1Data Movement instructions

a. Deals with data movement from memory to processor or
processor to memory
b. Deal with movement from register to register or from
register to memory / processor

2. Arithmetic / Logic Instructions

a. Deals with mathematical function ( + , multiply ) or
logical functions (and, Xor)

3. Program Control Instruction

a. We know normally the instructions are carried out one by
one (consecutively) . However some times we do not need
to run consecutive instruction. For these purposes , such
commands are use (You man like to think about command
if)

4. Special instructions
a. They are used to force processor to change its behavior
as per our will

DATA MOVEMENT Instructions

a. Deals with data movement from memory
to processor or processor to memory
b. Deal with data movement from register to
register or from register to memory / process

Arithmetic / Logic Instructions

a. Deals with mathematical function ( + ,
multiply ) or logical functions (and, Xor)

Add ax,1234

Add 1234 with ax

Add bx,ax

add ax to bx

Add bx,[1212]

add data from

address and
add it to bx

Program Control
a. We know normally the instructions are
carried out one by one (consecutively) .
However some times we do not need to run
consecutive instruction. For these purposes ,
such commands are use (You man like to
think about command if)
Cmp ax,0

compare ax with 0

Jne 1234

jump if not equal to the instruction

and mov at address 1234

Special Instruction

Cli

disable interrupts

Special instructions
. They are used to force processor to change
its behavior as per our will

Cli disable interrupts

The First Commercial Success : Study

Case
Model: IBM PC
Reason: Easily available platform , and free
software available to program
Processor:IAPX88 (Intel Advance Processor 88)
This was the first processor that was implanted on a
IBM system. It was the first commercial success. Later
on intel released IAPX 38086
IAPX88 was a 16 bit microprocessor.
Intel created 4 bit processors , however the first 8 bit
processor by intel was 8080. Later on a advance
version 8085 was introduced, which was 8 bit
processor but had more computational power as
compared to its ancestors
The 8088 had a 1 MB memory , which was a big
achievement. The first IBM Machine had 4.1 Mhz ,
which was considered a high speed.

Register Architecture