Lighting

Technologies
Applications
Energy Consumption
MAE 406 / 589
John Rees, PE, CEM
Eric Soderberg, PE, CEM
September 13, 2010

LIGHTING
FUNDAMENTAL
S

The 3 Pillars of
Energy Efficient Lighting
Visual
Visual Task
Task

WATTS
LUMENS
F O O T C AN D L E S

Meet
Meet target
target light
light
levels
levels

Efficiently
Efficiently produce
produce
and
and deliver
deliver light
light

Automatically
Automatically
control
control lighting
lighting
operation
operation

Most Important Slide in Todays Seminar!

3

Lighting Fundamentals Illumination

Light Output.
Measured at the lamp surface.
Measured in lumens.

Illuminance or Light Level.

Measured at the working surface.
Measured in foot-candles.

Luminance or Brightness.
Measured at an angle to the working
surface.
Measured in footlamberts.

Targeted Illumination Levels

Targeted illumination level is
determined by:
Tasks being performed (detail, contrast,
size).
Ages of the occupants.
Importance of speed and accuracy.

Recommended Illumination
Levels
Activity

Illumination
Footcandles

Offices: Average Reading and Writing

50-75

Offices: Hallways

10-20

Offices: Rooms with Computers

20-50

Auditoriums / Assembly Places

15-30

Hospitals: General Areas

10-15

Labs / Treatment areas

50-100

Libraries

30-100

Schools

30-150

Quality of Illumination
Quality of illumination may affect worker
productivity.
Quality is affected by:
Glare. Too bright.
Uniformity of illumination.
Color rendition. Ability to see colors properly.
Scale is 0 to 100 (100 is best)

Color Temperature. Warm to Cool.

Measured in degrees kelvin. 3000 is warm
(yellowish); 5000 is cool or daylight.

Color Rendering Index

(CRI)
A relative scale indicating how perceived colors illuminated by the light source
match actual colors. The higher the number the less color distortion from the
reference source.
85 -100 CRI = Excellent color rendition
75 - 85 CRI = Very Good color rendition
65 - 75 CRI = Good color rendition
55 - 65 CRI = Fair color rendition
0 55 CRI = Poor color rendition

Color Temperature (K)

A measure of the warmth or coolness of a light source.
3200K = warm or red side of spectrum
4000K = cool or blue side of spectrum
3500K = neutral
5000K = Daylight

North Sky - 8500K

Color
Temperatur
e Scale

Daylight Fluo - 6500K

Cool White - 4100K

Halogen 3100K
Warm White - 3000K
Incandescent 2700K
HPS - 2100K
10

Color Rendition

cool source is used

warm light source is
neutral light source is
enhancing blues and
used, enhancing reds
used
greens
and oranges
Color rendering, expressed as a rating on the Color Rendering Index
(CRI), from 0-100, describes how a light source makes the color of an object
appear to human eyes and how well subtle variations in color shades are
revealed. The higher the CRI rating, the better its color rendering ability.

Efficiency
Lighting efficiency is expressed as
lumens output/wattage input.
Ranges from 4 to 150 lumens/watt.

Show overhead.

Lamp Lumen Depreciation

As lamps age, they lose a certain
amount of output.
Old T12 fluoresecents can lose up to
30% of output over their life.
New T8 fluorescents maintain up to
95% of original lumens.
This depreciation must be accounted
for when installing new lighting system.

LIGHTING
TYPES

Luminaires
Luminaire = Lighting fixture
Lamps
Lamp sockets
Ballasts
Reflective material
Lenses, refractors, louvers
Housing

Directs the light using reflecting and

shielding surfaces.

Luminaires (contd)
Luminaire Efficiency
Percentage of lamp lumens produced
that actually exits the fixture.
Types of luminaires
Direct (general illumination).
Indirect (light reflected off the ceiling/walls;
wall washers).
Spot/Accent lighting.
Task Lighting.
Outdoor/Flood Lights.

Types of Lighting

Incandescents/Halogens.
Fluorescents.
High Intensity Discharge (HID).
Inductive.
Light Emitting Diode.

Incandescent Lamps
One of the oldest
electric lighting
technologies.
Light is produced by
passing a current
through a tungsten
filament.
Least efficient (4
to 24 lumens/watt).
Lamp life ~ 1,000
hours.

Incandescent Lamps
(contd)
High CRI (100) Warm Color (2700K)
Halogen 2900K to 3200K)
Inexpensive
Excellent beam control
Easily dimmed no ballast needed
Immediate off and on
No temperature concerns can be used outdoors
100, 75, 60 and 40 watt lamps will be going away
per 2007 law beginning 2012

Tugnsten-Halogen Lamps
A type of incandescent
lamp.
Encloses the tungsten
filament in a quartz
capsule filled with
halogen gas.
Halogen gas combines
with the vaporized
tungsten and redeposits
it on the filament.
More efficient.
Lasts longer (up to
6,000 hrs.)

Fluorescent Lamps
Most common commercial lighting
technology.
High Efficicacy: up to 100 lumens/watt.
Improvements made in the last 15
years.
T12: 1.5 inch in diameter.
T8: 1 inch in diameter.
~30% more efficient than T12.

T5: 5/8 inch in diameter.

~40% more efficient than T12.

Fluorescent Lamps (contd)

Configurations
Linear (8 ft., 4 ft., 2 ft., 1
ft.)
Ubend (fit in a 2 ft. x 2 ft.
fixture).
Circular (rare, obsolete).
Fixtures can be 4, 3, 2, or
1 lamp per fixture.

Output Categories
Standard Output (430
mA).
High Output (800 mA).
Very High Output (1,500
mA).

Schematic of Fluorescent
Lamp

Phosphor crystals

Mercury atom

Electron

Electrode

Compact Fluorescent Lamps

(CFLs)
Fluorescent lamp that
is small in size (~2 in.
diameter, 3 to 5 in. in
length).
Developed as
replacement for
incandescent lamps.
Two Main Types
Ballast-integrated.
Ballast non-integrated
(allows only lamp to be
replaced).

Compact Fluorescent
Excellent color available comparable to incandescent
Many choices (sizes, shapes, wattages, output, etc.)
Wide Range of CRI and Color Temperatures
Energy Efficient (3.5 to 4 times incandescent)
Long Life (generally 10,000 hours
lasts 12 times longer than standard 750 hour incandescent lamps)
Less expensive dimming now available (0-10v dimming to 5%)
Available for outdoor use with amalgam technology

Compact Fluorescent Lamps

(contd)
Use the power of
an incandescent for
an equivalent amount
of light. (an 18-watt
CFL is equivalent to a
75-watt
incandescent.)
10,000 hour life. (10x
an incandescent).
Saves about $30 over
the life of the CFL.

Ballasts
Auxiliary component that
performs 3 functions:
Provides higher starting
voltage.
Provides operating voltage.
Limits operating current.

Old type ballasts were

electromagnetic.
New ballasts are
electronic.
Lighter, less noisy, no lamp
flicker, dimming capability).

Ballast Factor
DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lampballast combination
APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor
(1.00-1.30)

Increases output
AND energy consumption

Typical Ballast Factor

(0.85-0.95)

Comparable light output in

one-to-one replacement

Low Ballast Factor

(0.47-0.83)

Decreases light output

AND energy consumption

For optimal efficiency lamps and ballasts must be properly matched.

Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor that
provides target illuminance.

Ballast Circuit Types

Instant Start Ballast starts lamp instantly
with higher starting voltage. Efficient but may
shorten lamp life.
Rapid Start delay of about 0.5 seconds to
start; supplies starting current to heat the
filament prior to starting and continues during
operation. Uses 2 to 4 watts more than an
instant start ballast.
Programmed Rapid Start - delay of about 0.5
seconds to start; starting current heats the
filament prior to starting, then cuts off during
operation.

High Intensity Discharge (HID)

Lamps

High Intensity Discharge

Fixtures

High Intensity Discharge (HID)

Lamps
produces light by
means of an electric
arc between
tungsten electrodes
housed inside a
translucent or
transparent fused
quartz or fused
alumina (ceramic)
arc tube filled with
special gases.

High Intensity Discharge

Lamps (contd)
Arc tube can be filled by various types
of gases and metal salts.
HID lamps are used in industrial high
bay applications, gymnasiums, outdoor
lighting, parking decks, street lights.
Efficient (up to 150 lumens/watt).
Long Life (up to 25,000 hours).
Drawback take up to 15 minutes to
come up to full light after power outage.

High Intensity Discharge

Lamps (contd)
Types of HIDs
Mercury Vapor
(obsolete)
Sodium Vapor
High pressure
Low pressure

Metal Halide
Arc tube contains
argon, mercury, and
metal halides.
Gives better color
temperature and
CRI.

Metal Halide Lamps

Most common HID in use today.
Recent Improvements.
Allow higher pressure & temperature.
Better efficiency, better CRI and better
lumen maintenance.
Pulse Start vs. older Probe Start
Ceramic vs. older Quartz arc tube.

Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

Latest Lighting Technology.
Invented in 1962.
In the past, used as indicator lights,
automotive lights, and traffic lights; now
being introduced for indoor and outdoor
lighting.
LED is a semiconductor technology.
Electroluminescence. Electrons
recombine with holes in the
semiconductor, releasing photons.

Light Emitting Diodes

(contd)
Lower energy
consumption.
Longer lifetime
(50,000 to 100,000
hrs).
Smaller size.
Faster switching.
Greater durability
and reliability.
Cycling.
Dimming.

LED Replacement Lamps for a

4-ft. Fluorescent Fxture

Comparison of LED with a

Fluorescent Lamp
Watt Rating, typical B.F. = 0.8
Lumens, initial
CRI
Color Temperature
Life Expectancy 12 hrs per
start / 3 hrs per start
Light output at 0 C

EverLED-TR

Popular T8 Brand
Fluorescent

22W

34W

Equivalent

2850

85

85

5000K

5000K

10 years 10
years
20% increase

20000 hours 16000

hours
50% decrease

LED Applications
Successfully used today for many markets
Signs & Traffic signals (most common)
Displays (change colors for attention)
Exit Signs (most common)
Indicators and Flashlights
Under Counter & Coves
Accent
Parking Garage & Outdoor
Downlights
Food Freezers

LED vs. HPS

41

Comparison: LED to Ceramic Metal

Halide

Cree LED Lighting LRP38 Total Wattage = 36W

Ceramic Metal Halide Total Wattage ~ 158 to 237W

42

Induction Lights

Light source in which the power required to generate light is

transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of
electromagnetic fields.
Type of fluorescent lamp uses radio waves rather than arc to
excite phosphor coating on lamp to glow
Long lifespan due to the lack of electrodes - between 65,000 and
100,000 hours depending on the lamp model;
High energy conversion efficiency of between 62 and 90
Lumens/Watt [higher wattage lamps are more energy efficient];
High power factor due to the low loss of the high frequency
electronic ballasts which are typically between 95% and 98%
efficient;
Minimal Lumen depreciation (declining light output with age)
compared to other lamp types as filament evaporation and
depletion is absent;
Instant-on and hot re-strike, unlike most conventional lamps
used in commercial/industrial lighting applications (such as
Mercury-Vapor lamp, Sodium Vapor Lamp and Metal Halide Lamp);
Environmentally friendly as induction lamps use less energy, and
use less mercury per hour of operation than conventional lighting
due to their long lifespan.

Induction Lighting
Type of fluorescent lamp uses radio waves rather than arc to excite
phosphor coating on lamp to glow
Advantages:
QL and Icetron: 60,000 to 100,000 hours if used 12 hours each
day will last 20 years!
Good for hard to maintain locations
Disadvantages:
Large light source difficult to control beam of light making it
inefficient for delivered and task lumens
Expensive - $200+ adder to HID
No industry standards for Induction

Induction Applications
Applications where maintenance is expensive and/or
difficult
24 hour a day.7 days a week applications
Bridges
Low Bay Industrial
Select Outdoor Lighting Applications
Long burning hour applications

Exit Signs

Old incandescent exit signs

used (2) 20-watt incandescent
lamps.
At $0.08/kWh, energy cost
for 1 sign = $28/yr.
CFL exit signs use 10 to 12
watts
Energy cost for 1 sign = $7
to $8.50/yr.
LED exit signs use 3 to 4 watts
energy cost for 1 sign =
$3 to $4/yr.
Photoluminescent sign uses 0
watts, but may have (slightly)
radioactive material.
New technology claims
completely non-toxic and
recyclable.

Outdoor Lighting
Older technology for
outdoor lighting
High pressure sodium
Metal Halide

Newer technology
Compact fluorescents
LEDs
Solar street lights
(economical when
electric lines dont
need to be run in a
new installation).

ENVIRONMENTA
L
CONSIDERATIO
NS

Hazardous Waste Disposal

Hazardous Waste Lamps will now be regulated under the Federal
Universal Waste Rule which was first developed to regulate the
disposal of other widely generated wastes that contain toxic materials,
such as batteries and pesticides
State Rule supersedes Federal Rule
Under current federal law, mercury-containing lamps (fluorescent, HID)
may be hazardous waste
The rule applies only to lamps that fail the TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure) test which is used to determine if a waste is
hazardous.

Mercury Content of Lamps

TYPICAL MERCURY CONTENT OF VARIOUS LAMPS
250 watt Metal Halide lamp
250 watt High Pressure Sodium lamp
Pre 1988 T12 Fluorescent
Post 1988 T12 Fluorescent
12 mg
Typical T8 Fluorescent Tube
Typical Compact Fluorescent (CFL)

38 mg
15 mg
45 mg
4-5 mg
4-5 mg

4-5 mg is less mercury than a coal fired power plant will emit while
producing the additional energy to power an equivalent incandescent
lamp.
Lamps containing mercury that fail the TCLP test must be recycled!
EPA encourages responsible disposal practices to limit the release of mercury
into the environment.
EPA encourages lamp recycling

LIGHTING
ECONOMICS
$$
Simple Payback
Return on Investment (ROI)
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Net Present Value (NPV)

LIGHTING
ECONOMICS
$$
Simple Payback
Return on Investment
(ROI)
Internal Rate of Return
(IRR)
Net Present Value (NPV)

Simple Payback
Examples

Simple Payback
Simple Payback is the number of years it takes an energy saving
measure to repay the initial investment for the new system. It does not
account for the time value of money and it also does not consider the
savings that occur after the payback point.
Most private companies require a simple payback of 2 years or less.
For energy saving measures, they will sometimes accept a 3 to 5 year
payback.
Government agencies can accept longer paybacks than private
companies.
SIMPLE PAYBACK = TOTAL PROJECT COST / ANNUAL SAVINGS

Return on Investment - ROI

ROI is the inverse of Simple Payback and has all of the
qualifiers of a simple payback. It does not account for the
time value of money and also it does not consider the
savings that occur after the payback point. It is
sometimes called Rate of Return.
ROI is expressed as a percentage. It is often compared
to other investment yields.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR

%)
IRR is a hurdle rate. The IRR is the discount rate of return
at which a projects NPV=0. IRR accounts for life-cycle
cash flows and time-value of money, but the percentages
alone should not be compared for ranking (choosing one
alternative over another) still use the NPV results as well.
IRR is the discount rate that delivers a net present value of
zero for a series of future cash flows. IRR is expressed as
an interest yield. Any interest yield equal to or less than the
IRR for a project is a yes decision (i.e. the IRR is greater
than the cost of capital).

Net Present Value ($)

NPV adjusts for the time value of money by discounting incremental future
cash flows to the present time using a discount rate appropriate to those cash
flows. NPV ($) is a profitability measure and can be used to rank one
lighting alternative over another. The higher the $ profit NPV, the better the
alternative. The NPV, to be appropriately used, should be calculated by
applying the after tax cost of capital to the after tax cash flows.

Example: Simple Payback &

ROI
A lighting upgrade is estimated to save $5,000 a
year and cost $25,000. What are the simple
payback and return on investment (ROI)?
Simple payback
= Cost / Annual Savings
= $25,000 / $5,000
= 5 years
ROI

= 1 / Simple Payback
= 1/5
= 20%

Example: Energy & Cost

Savings
Existing lighting in the Method Road Greenhouse consists
of 10 fixtures containing ten 4, 4 lamp T12 fixtures that
consume 154 watts of electrical power. At $0.09/kWh,
what is the annual cost of operating these fixtures 2,000
hours a year?
10 x 154 watts x 2,000 hours/1,000
3,080 x $0.09
= $2,772 per year

= 3,080 kWh

These fixtures are replaced by fixtures containing 25 watt

T8 lamps with low BF ballasts which only consume 89
watts per fixture. What is the annual cost of operation?
10 x 89 watts x 2,000 hours/1,000
1,780 x $0.09
= $1,602 per year
Cost savings

= $1,170 per year

= 1,780 kWh

Other Benefits from

Energy Efficient Lighting
Retrofit
Improved Color Rendition/Visibility in Space

Longer Lamp Life

Less Maintenance (Normally a result of longer lamp life)
Adjust to target light levels (IES)
Improved Controls
HVAC Savings Typically 5% above lighting savings for cooled spaces
Tax Incentives Generally tax deductions
Incentive from Utility Rebates Both Progress & Duke have programs

HVAC Savings from a

Lighting Retrofit
1 watt saved = 3,412 BTUs of heat removed
Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:
A savings when cooling (A/C is on)
A cost when heating is on
Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings
Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2
Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1
Example: Lighting Savings = $2,000.00
$2,000 x .1 = $200 savings from Unitary HVAC

Change from Old to New

and Save Energy and $$
OLD TECHNOLOGY

=>

NEW TECHNOLOGY

T12 Fluorescent 4 and 8 Systems

T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems

Magnetic Ballasts

Electronic Ballasts

Incandescent

Halogen IR, MH & LED

Halogen

Metal Halide and LED

Probe Start Metal Halide

and Mercury Vapor

Pulse Start and

Ceramic Metal Halide

Neon

LED

Manual Controls

Automatic Controls, Bi-Level and

Continuous Dimming Systems

Ballast Factor
DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lampballast combination
APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor
(1.00-1.30)

Increases output
AND energy consumption

Typical Ballast Factor

(0.85-0.95)

Comparable light output in

one-to-one replacement

Low Ballast Factor

(0.47-0.83)

Decreases light output

AND energy consumption

Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor that
provides target illuminance.

Energy Savings Potential

With Occupancy Sensors
Application

Energy Savings

Offices (Private)

25-50%

Offices (Open Spaces)

20-25%

Rest Rooms

30-75%

Corridors

30-40%

Storage Areas

45-65%

Meeting Rooms

45-65%

Conference Rooms

45-65%

Warehouses

50-75%

Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI

Savings can be determined with data

logger installed in room or area for 1 to 2 weeks

Types of Lighting Controls

Occupancy Sensors
Bi-level Switching
Time Clock
Photo Sensors
Lighting Control
Systems

Occupancy Sensors
Automatically turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied
Adjustments for sensitivity and time delay
Proper selection, location, and adjustment of sensors is key to reliable
operation
Ask manufacturer about load limits and compatibility with electronic ballasts
Some are low voltage sensors and use a power pack that acts as 1) a switch
and 2) a transformer (120V to 240V)

Passive Infrared Sensors

(PIR)
Detect movement of heat-radiating sources between radial detection zones
Line-of-sight is required (30 max)
Larger motion is required to trigger sensor at greater distance
Most sensitive to motion lateral to sensor
Coverage pattern can be modified to minimize false triggers

Ultrasonic Sensors
Detect movement by sensing disturbance in reflected ultrasonic frequency
pattern
Line-of-sight is not required if hard surfaces exist in enclosed space
Most sensitive to motion toward/away from sensor
Sensitive to air movement vibration

Ultrasonic Wall Sensor

Automatic Control

Use in areas where there are

large periods of unoccupied
time

Excellent for bi-level control to

maximize energy savings

Does not require direct line of

sight

Adjust sensitivity and time

delay
for best results

Dual-Technology Sensors
Greater reliability from using both infrared (IR) and ultrasonic (US) sensing
technologies
Typical operation settings:
IR and US signals for lights to turn on
IR or US signals for lights to stay on
Absence of IR and US signals for lights to turn off

Energy Efficiency and Cost

Savings
Lighting
electrical
savings are
possible while
improving
lighting comfort!

Benefits from
Energy Efficient Lighting
Retrofit
Improved Controls

Improved Color
Rendition/Visibility in Space

Less Maintenance

HVAC Savings

Adjust to target light levels (IES)

Tax Incentives

Longer Lamp Life

Incentive from Utility Rebate

Programs

HID Upgrade to Fluorescent

Lamps

400-Watt Metal Halide = 455 watts input

6-Lamp T8 Fixture = 234 watts

Older Lighting Technology

Subject to be Changed Out
T-12 Fluorescent-4 and 8 Systems
Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts
Incandescent
Standard Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Neon
Manual Controls

New Energy Efficient

Lighting Replacements
T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
Electronic Ballasts
Halogen
Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide
LED
Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
New Fixtures

Change from Old to New

and Save Energy and $$
OLD TECHNOLOGY

=>

NEW TECHNOLOGY

T12 Fluorescent 4 and 8 Systems

T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems

Magnetic Ballasts

Electronic Ballasts

Incandescent

Halogen IR, MH & LED

Halogen

Metal Halide and LED

Probe Start Metal Halide

and Mercury Vapor

Pulse Start and

Ceramic Metal Halide

Neon

LED

Manual Controls

Automatic Controls, Bi-Level and

Continuous Dimming Systems

Fluorescent Change-out
Existing: 4-lamp 2x4 Fixture with F34T12CWES lamps and EE magnetic
ballasts lowest efficiency allowed by code today.
Replacement: 4-lamp 2x4 Fixture with F32T8/835 lamps and electronic
ballasts BF=0.88 (standard BF)
What is wrong with this energy efficient change-out?

We did not use correct new technology to

Maximize Energy Savings and meet target
light levels!
Best options for replacing 34-watt T12 fluorescent systems:
Low Power electronic ballasts (BF=0.78)
Energy saving 4 lamps (30,28, or 25w)
Less lamps per fixture (3 instead of 4)
Minimal additional cost and can Lock-in maximum energy savings with low
power ballasts and fewer lamps per fixture
Use with Extra Performance or Energy Savings lamps ad correct ballast factor
to meet target light levels and maximize energy savings!

Super T8 Fluorescent
System
Older T8s called 700 series
Newer Super T8s called 800 series
3000K, 3500K, or 4100K versions
30,000 hour lamp life @ 3 hours per start
3100-3150 initial lumens
Universal Voltage (120-277V)
4-foot lamp: 30, 28 or 25 watts; Low input wattage (4-lamp: 93/89 watts)
95% lumen maintenance @ 8000 hours
Low Temperature Starting (0F)
Lamp/Ballast System Warranty 5 Years
85 CRI
Program Start Ballasts
TCLP-compliant

Instant Start Super T8 vs.

Standard T8
800-series Super T8s have 96% of system lumens of 700-series lamps with
standard ballasts
19% reduction in power
Double lamp life (3 hrs. per start)
Maximum life on occupancy sensors

25 Watt T8 Advantage Long

Life Lamp from Philips Lighting
Long lamp life (40,000 hours of rated average life at 12 hours per start on
Optanium Instant Start ballasts and 46,000 hours of rated average life at 12
hours per start on Optanium Programmed Start Ballasts)
2400 lumens with 95 percent lumen maintenance
Superior color rendering (a CRI of 85)
Low mercury (Philips ALTO lamps average 70% less mercury than the 2001
industry average for fluorescent lamps up to 60 inches, which are not TCLP
compliant) 1.7 mg Mercury per 4 lamp

Fluorescent Lamp/Ballast
Change-out vs. New Fixture
Rules of Thumb
Install new fixtures when:
Existing fixtures are over 20 years old
Lamp holders are worn out
Multiple components are failing
Design requires change in fixture type
Retrofit existing fixtures with lamps & ballasts when:
Existing fixtures are less than 20 years old
Lamp holders and other components are still good
Budget is very tight
Expensive/Difficult/Environmental Conditions Present
(i.e. asbestos or excessive piping and ducts in ceiling, etc.)

T5 and T5HO Systems

One T5HO lamp provides similar maintained lumen output to two T8 lamps
(4750 vs. 4669 maintained lumens)
Maintained lumens are higher fixtures are smaller
Peak light output at 95F ambient air temperature instead of 77F with
T8 and T12
Amalgam technology has been added to provide a more constant lumen
output across a broad range of ambient temperatures!

T5 and
T5HO
Systems
Disadvantages
T5 and T5HO lamp life is less than T8s
The bulb wall surface of the T5 is very bright. Care must be exercised in
using T5 lamp in direct lighting applications.
Costs higher than T8 cost can be balanced by a reduction in the
number of luminaries used.
Lead times may be longer T5s require compete fixture replacement.
In cooler temperatures or high CFM air distribution the T5 or T5HO may
not perform well (peak light output at 95 F).
May not work well with occupancy sensors due to slow lumen run-up
with cold start.

T5HO vs. T8 Application Rules

of Thumb
20 use T8
20 use T5HO
18 to 25 either T8 or T5HO can be used successfully
Over 50 types of 4 T8 lamps available
Two T5 lamps: 28w T5 and 54w T5HO
To get T5HO performance out of T8 lamps, use high-lumen/high performance
T8 lamps
Typical T8 electronic ballast factors range from 0.72 to 1.2.

T5HO vs. T8 for Warehouse

Aisles Rule of Thumb
In general for warehouse aisles, T5HO will perform better in non-airconditioned spaces and T8 performs better in air-conditioned spaces.
Reason: Ambient temperature of T5HO rating for peak performance is 35
degrees C (95F) and T8 is rated at 25C (77F).
Source: Warehouse aisle lighting p. 16 LD&A Feb 2009article by Siva K. Haran, PE, LEED, AP, IES

HVAC Savings from

Lighting Retrofit
1 watt saved = 3,412 BTUs of heat removed
Heat removed with Efficient Lighting is:
A savings when cooling (A/C is on)
A cost when heating is on
Rules of Thumb to count HVAC savings
Unitary Equipment: Lighting Savings x .1 to .2
Chiller Equipment: Lighting Savings x .05 to .1
Example: Lighting Savings = $2,000.00
$2,000 x .1 = $200 savings from Unitary HVAC

An Increase in Quality Can

Improve Worker Productivity
1% increase in productivity
is about equal to one sick
day
Improve employee
satisfaction and reduce
turnover/replacement
expenses
for new employees.
Improves Company bottom
line
Indirect Lighting is preferred
by many today!

Whats the Most Efficient Light

Source?

Daylighting Advantages
Excellent light source for almost all interior
spaces offices, homes, retail, schools
and more; People prefer it!
Field research indicates that with
daylighting:
Learning is enhanced
Retail sales increase (Wal-Mart
study)
Employee satisfaction increases
Energy Savings is realized when controls
are used

Conducting a Lighting
Survey
Why Conduct a Lighting Survey? to identify improvement opportunities. It is a
systematic exam and appraisal of building lighting systems.
Step 1 Establish a base line of performance
Step 2 Identify opportunities for improvement
Step 3 Calculate savings and potential payback
The quality of the information collected in the survey has a direct impact on
steps 2 and 3

Suggestions for a Lighting

Survey
Ask the right questions to meet the clients goals
Gather ALL the right information
Dont assume check the existing equipment to obtain accurate
information
Determine Economic Calculations Required
Is a test installation needed?
Lighting Fixtures
Controls
Consider all drivers to reduce the payback
Use a pre-printed form or spreadsheet template

Information and Data to Collect in a Lighting Survey

Floor plan of the building/space with dimensions if available
Electric bills for 1 year to determine average cost per kWh over the year
Tasks being performed in each area Talk to occupants in the area
Type (fixture input wattage and lamps/ballasts type), quantity, mounting height, and
control of fixtures in each space
Lighting operating hours per year and footcandle levels for each space
Circuit Voltage
Exit signs (light source)
Talk with building occupants about operating practices and satisfaction with the
level and quality of lighting
Talk with maintenance staff about equipment condition and any recurring problems.

LEGISLATION
AFFECTING THE
USE OF
LIGHTING
TECHNOLOGIES

Energy Legislation and

Incentive Programs for
Renewable Energy
and Energy Efficiency

Energy Policy Act of 2005 EPAct 2005

North Carolina Tax Credits
North Carolina Senate Bill 3 Renewable
Energy Portfolio Standard (REPS) of 2007
Utility Incentives Progress Energy, Duke
Energy
American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of
2009, ARRA or Stimulus Package
NC Greenpower

Highlights of the Federal

Energy Policy Act of 2005
30% tax credit for residential solar thermal or
photovoltaic energy systems up to a credit of $2,000
Does not apply to pool heating systems
30% tax credit up to $500 for energy efficient
windows, doors, heating & cooling equipment, and
insulation
Tax deductions up to $1.80 per square foot for energy
efficiency improvements in commercial buildings.

EPAct 2005 Tax Deductions

The Energy Policy Act of 2005, section 1331, provides a tax
deduction of up to $1.80/ft2 for energy efficiency in
commercial buildings. These tax deductions can be
claimed in a single year. Systems covered include:

Interior lighting systems

Max.

$0.60/ft2
Heating, cooling, ventilation, and hot water systems

Max. $0.60/ft2

Building envelope

Max. $0.60/ft2

EPAct 2005 Tax Deductions

To qualify for an EPAct 2005 tax deduction for lighting, the following
must be met:
Surpass the ASHRAE 90.1-2001 LPD Standard
Bi-level switching must be installed for most buildings (exceptions
identified) and all controls provisions (new buildings) in the
Standard must be met.
Must meet the minimum requirements for calculated light levels
as set forth in the 9th Edition of the IESNA Lighting Handbook.
Consult a tax expert to see if you qualify

EPAct 2005 Critical Dates and

Proposed Increase in Tax
Deduction
For commercial (for profit) enterprise
Any new system that exceeds ASHRAE standards by the required
amount must be placed into service between January 1, 2006 and
December 31, 2013 for tax deduction.
Proposed 2009 Senate Bill 1637 would increase tax credit for $1.80 to
$3.00 per square foot for whole building or from $0.60 to $1.00 per
square foot for partial allowance (such as lighting measures only).

NC Tax Credit Summary

Renewable Technology
Biomass

Residential
35%
$10,500 Per Installation

Non-residential
35%
$250,000 Per Installation

Hydroelectric

35%
$10,500 Per Installation

35%
$250,000 Per Installation

Solar Energy Equipment

for Domestic Water
Heating
Solar Energy Equipment
for Active Space Heating

35%
$1,400 Per Dwelling Unit

35%
$250,000 Per Installation

35%
$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit

35%
$250,000 Per Installation

Solar Energy Equipment

for Combined Active
Space and Domestic Hot
Water Systems
Solar Energy Equipment
for Passive Space Heating

35%
$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit

35%
$250,000 Per Installation

35%
$3,500 Per Dwelling Unit

Solar Energy Equipment

for Daylighting

35%
$250,000 Per Installation

Solar Energy Equipment

for Solar Electric or Other
Solar Thermal Applications

35%
$10,500 Per Installation

35%
$250,000 Per Installation

Wind

35%
$10,500 Per Installation

35%
$250,000 Per Installation

The Energy Independence

and Security Act of 2007
(EISA)

President Bush signed into law on 12/19/07

Lighting Sections include:
Sec. 321 Efficient Light Bulbs

Sec. 322 Incandescent Reflector Lamp

Efficiency Standards
Sec. 324 Metal Halide Lamp Fixtures
Sec. 65 Bright Tomorrow Light Prizes

Maximum Wattages
and Efficiency Requirements
There are new efficacies for general service incandescent lamps expressed as
a new maximum wattage.
Generally, the lamps must be 30% more efficient by 2012-2014, with larger
lamps covered first.
Compliance: Todays typical incandescent and halogen general service screwbase lamps do not comply with the new efficiency requirements.
Examples of General Service Lamps that will become obsolete:
January 1, 2012 100W A19 incandescent lamps
January 1, 2013 75W A19 incandescent lamps
January 1, 2014 40W A19 and 60W A19 incandescent lamps

Dates and Replacement

Lamps
January 1, 2012 70W Halogen rated at 1600 lumens, or 23 lumens/W
January 1, 2013 50W Halogen rated at 1100 lumens, or 22 lumens/W
January 1, 2014 40W Halogen rated at 800 lumens, or 20 lumens/W

DOE 2009 Ruling

Effective 7/14/2012 (in 2 years)
These lamps will be obsolete:
Majority of F40T12 and F34T12 ES 4-ft. lamps
Majority of FB40T12 and FB34T12 ES 2-ft. U-lamps
All 75W F96T12 Slimline 8-ft. lamps
Majority of 60W F96T12 Slimline 8-ft. ES lamps
All 110W F96T12HO 8-ft. lamps
Majority of 95W F96T12HO 8-ft. ES lamps
All T8 basic 700 series 4-ft. lamps with 2800 lumens (requires 2850 to pass)
Majority of T8 basic 700 series 2-ft. U-lamps

Older Lighting Technology

Subject to be Changed Out
T-12 Fluorescent - 4 and 8 Systems
Fluorescent Magnetic Ballasts
Incandescent
Standard Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Neon
Manual Controls

New Energy Efficient

Lighting Replacements
T8, T5 and T5HO Fluorescent Systems
Electronic Ballasts
Halogen IR
Pulse Start and Ceramic Metal Halide
LED
Bi-Level and Continuous Dimming Systems
New Fixtures

North Carolina Senate Bill 3 (SB3)

Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (REPS) of 2007
SB3 requires a Percentage of Electrical Generation from Renewable Sources.
Of these amounts, 25% can be achieved by Energy Efficiency.
Solar PV
Solar Thermal
Wind
Hydroelectric
Wave Energy
Biomass
Landfill Gas (LFG)
Waste Heat from
Renewables
Hydrogen from
Renewables

Renewable Portfolio Standards

www.dsireusa.org / November
2009

WA: 15% by 2020*

MN: 25% by 2025

MT: 15% by 2015

OR: 25% by 2025
utilities)*

NY: 24% by 2013

utility;
10% by 2015 goal
IA: 105
OH: 25% by 2025
MW

10% by 2020 (co-ops & large

munis)*
KS: 20%

2020

AZ: 15% by
2025

2020
+

1% annual increase
(Class I Renewables)

WI: Varies by

CO: 20% by 2020

UT: 20% by
2025*

NH: 23.8% by
MA:2025
15% by

by 2015*

(IOUs)

CA: 33% by 2020

New RE: 10% by 2017

MI: 10% + 1,100 MW

SD: 10% by
2015

5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)

NV: 25% by
2025*

(Xcel: 30% by 2020)

ND: 10% by
2015

(large

ME: 30% by 2000

VT: (1) RE meets any

increase in retail sales by
2012;
(2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017

IL: 25% by 2025

WV: 25% by 2025*

VA: 15% by 2025*

by

MO: 15% by
2021

NC: 12.5% by 2021

(IOUs)
10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)

NM: 20% by 2020

(IOUs)

RI: 16% by 2020

CT: 23% by 2020

PA: 18% by 2020
NJ: 22.5% by 2021
MD: 20% by 2022
DE: 20% by 2019*
DC: 20% by 2020

10% by 2020 (co-ops)

TX: 5,880 MW by
HI: 40% by 2030

2015

29 states

&

DC
State renewable portfolio standard
State renewable portfolio goal
Solar water heating eligible

an RPS
Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement 6 have
states have goals

Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables

Includes non-renewable alternative resources