Presentation on

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)

Mahar Nadir

Non-Destructive Testing
(NDT)
Non-destructive
testing
is
Defined as testing that causes
no structurally significant
damage to concreet. It is the
testing of materials, for surface
or
internal
flaws
or
metallurgical
condition,
without interfering in any way
with the integrity of the
material or its suitability for
service.
i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm.

MORE ABOUT
NDT.!
For such tests separate
specimen is not taken like
cube test or cylinder test
etc. So information collected
by such test is related with
original structure. Whereas
other tests give the
information about the
specimen taken for the test.

Importance of NDT
1. NDT increases the safety and reliability of the product
during operation.
2. It decreases the cost of the product by reducing scrap and
conserving materials, labor and energy.
3. Does not permanently alter the article being inspected.
4. Save both money and time in product evaluation,
troubleshooting and research.
5. NDT is for both old and New Structures.
6. NDT can be applied to both old and new structure.

WHY NDT TESTS ARE CARRIED

OUT??
These tests are more reliable.
Quick assessment of the structure
Time is not wasted on preparing the
test report
These test give the exact information
about the structure.

NDT is used to determine

Strength
Density

Surface
Hardness

NDT
Modulus
Of
Elasticity
Reinforcement
Location

Cracks and
Voids

Methods of NDT
T he r
Visual
Inspection

ting
s
e
T
Tap
Acousti
c

Ult
ras

Micro
wave
M at h
od
athod

oni
c

athod

cM
i
t
e
agn

od
h
t
a
M
e
g
a
Flux Leak

phy

M at h
od
i cl e
t
r
a
P
e t ic
n
g
a
M
Acoustic
Microsco
py
Mathod

X-ray
Mathod

Emissio
nM

mog
ra

t
hod
n
t
a
a
r
t
e
M
n
e
s
t
P
n
e
uid
m
q
i
e
r
L
as u

Replication Mathod
Eddy
Curr
ent M

athod
7

Six Most Common NDT

Methods

Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

Dye Penetrant Testing (DPT)
Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT)
Visual Testing (VT)
Eddy Current Testing (ECT)
Radiography Testing (RT)
Reboung Hammer Test

Ultrasonic Testing
This technique is used for the
detection
of
internal
surface
(particularly distant surface) defects
in sound conducting materials. In this
method high frequency sound waves
are introduced into a material and
they are reflected back from surface
and flaws. Reflected sound energy is
displayed versus time, and inspector
can visualize a cross section of the
specimen showing the depth of
features.

Piezoelectric Transducer
case

Signal wire
Piezoelectric element

Test Techniques:
Normal and Angle Beam
In normal beam testing, the sound beam
is introduced into the test article at 90
degree to the surface.
In angle beam testing, the sound beam is
introduced into the test article at some
angles other than 90.
The choice between normal and angle
beam inspection usually depends on two
considerations:
- The orientation of the feature of
interest the sound should be
directed to produce the largest
reflection from the feature.
- Obstructions on the surface of the
part that must be worked around.

Advantages of Ultrasonic Testing

Thickness and lengths up to 30 ft can be tested.

Position, size and type of defect can be determined.
Instant test results.
Portable.
Capable of being fully automated.
Access to only one side necessary.

12

Limitations of Ultrasonic Testing

The operator can decide whether the test piece is
defective or not while the test is in progress.
Considerable degree of skill necessary to obtain the
fullest information from the test.
Very thin sections can prove difficult.

13

Visual Testing
Visual testing is the most basic and common inspection
method involves in using of human eyes to look for defects.
But now it is done by the use special tools such as video
scopes, magnifying glasses, mirrors, or borescopes to gain
access and more closely inspect the subject area.
Visual Testing Equipments:

Mirrors (especially small, angled mirrors),

Magnifying glasses,
Microscopes (optical and electron),
Borescopes and fiber optic borescopes,
Closed circuit television (CCTV) systems,
Videoscope.

14

Signs of Distress
Cracks

Pop-outs

Spalling

Signs of Distress
Dis-integration
Color change
Weathering
Surface blemishes
Lack of Uniformity

Visual Testing Equipments

Fig: Videoscope

Fig: Advanced Videoscope

Fig. Microscope

Fig: Borescopes

Fig: Magnifying glass

10. REBOUND HAMMER TEST

Principle.
It consists essentially of a metal
plunger, one end of which is held
against the concrete surface
while the free end is struck by a
spring- loaded mass which
rebounds to a point on a
graduated scale. The point is
indicated by an index rider. The
amount of rebound increases with
increase in concrete strength for
a particular concrete mix.

10. REBOUND HAMMER TEST

Main applications.
It measures the surface hardness of concrete and
provides an estimation of surface compressive strength,
uniformity and quality of concrete.

Advantages.
It gives accurate assessment of the strength of the
surface layer of material. The entire structure can be
tested in its 'as-built' condition.

Procedure

Dye Penetrant Testing

This method is commonly used for detect the surface cracks or defects. Dye
penetrant Testing (DPT) is one of the most widely used nondestructive
Testing (NDT) methods. DPT can be used to inspect almost any material
provided that its surface is not extremely rough.

Dye Penetrant Testing Process

Three liquids are

used in this method.
1. Cleaner
2. Penetrant
3. Developer

Dye Penetrant Testing of a Boiler

At first the surface of the material that is to be tested is cleaned

by a liquid. The liquid is called cleaner.

Dye Penetrant Testing of a Boiler

Then a liquid with high surface wetting characteristics is applied

to the surface of the part and allowed time to seep into surface
breaking defects. This liquid is called penetrant. After five or ten
minutes the excess penetrant is removed from the surface.

Dye Penetrant Testing of a Boiler

Then another liquid is applied to pull the trapped penetrant

out the defect and spread it on the surface where it can be
seen. This liquid is called deveoper.
25

Findings
After Dye Penetrant Testing
there are two surface cracks are
Detected.

Two surface cracks

26

Advantages of Dye Penetrant

Testing

This method has high sensitivity to small surface

discontinuities.
Large areas and large volumes of parts/materials can be
inspected rapidly and at low cost.
Indications are produced directly on the surface of the part
and constitute a visual representation of the flaw.
Aerosol spray can make penetrant materials very portable.
Penetrant materials and associated equipments are relatively
inexpensive.

27

Limitations of Dye Penetrant

Testing
Only surface breaking defects can be detected.
Precleaning is critical since contaminants can mask defects.
The inspector must have direct access to the surface being
inspected.
Surface finish and roughness can affect inspection sensitivity.
Post cleaning of acceptable parts or materials is required.
Chemical handling and proper disposal is required.

28

Magnetic Particle Testing

This method is suitable for the
detection of surface and near surface
discontinuities in magnetic material.
Magnetic particle Testing (MPT) is a
nondestructive testing method used
for defect detection. MPT is fast and
relatively easy to apply, and material
surface preparation is not as critical
as it is for some other NDT methods.

29

Basic Principle of MPT

Magnetic Flux Leakage

Magnetic Flux Line

Fig.1: Magnetized Metal with no crack

Crack

S N
N

Fig.2: Magnetized Metal with crack

In the first figure the magnetized metal has no crack and there only
two poles that is north pole and south pole. And in second figure
the magnetized metal has a crack and at the crack point there
creates another north and south pole for the magnetic flux leakage.

Advantages Magnetic Particle

Testing
It does not need very stringent pre-cleaning operation.
It is the best method for the detection of surface and near to
the surface cracks in ferromagnetic materials.
Fast and relatively simple NDT method.
Generally inexpensive.
Will work through thin coating.
Highly portable NDT method.
It is quicker.

31

Limitations of Magnetic Particle

Testing
Material must be ferromagnetic.
Orientation and strength of magnetic field is critical.
Detects surface and near-to-surface discontinuities only.
Large currents sometimes require.
.

32

Eddy Current Testing

This method is widely used to detect
surface flaws, to measure thin walls from
one surface only, to measure thin coatings
and in some applications to measure
depth. This method is applicable to
electrically conductive materials only. In
this method eddy currents are produced in
the product by bringing it close to an
alternating current carrying coil. The main
applications of the eddy current technique
are for the detection of surface or
subsurface
flaws,
conductivity
measurement and coating thickness
measurement.

33

Application of ECT
Crack Detection
Corrosion Monitoring
Material Thickness Measurements
Coating Thickness Measurements
Conductivity Measurements

34

Eddy Current Testing

Equipments

35

Advantages of Eddy Current

Testing
Sensitive to small cracks and other defects
Detect surface and near surface defects
Inspection gives immediate results
Equipment is very portable
Method can be used for much more than flaw detection
Inspects complex shapes and sizes of conductive materials

36 36

Limitations of Eddy Current

Testing
Only conductive materials can be inspected.
Surface must be accessible to the probe.
Skill and training required is more extensive than other
techniques.
Surface finish and roughness may interfere.
Depth of penetration is limited.

37

Radiography Testing
Radiography Testing (RT), or industrial
radiography is a nondestructive testing
(NDT) method of inspecting materials for
hidden flaws by using the ability of short
wavelength electromagnetic radiation (high
energy photons) to penetrate various
materials.
Radiographic Testing Method is nothing but
to take the shadow picture of an object onto a
film by the passage of X-ray or Gamma ray
through it. It is the same as the medical
radiography (X-ray). Only difference in their
wave length.
38

Radiography Testing Process

The principles are the same for both X and Gamma
radiography. In X-radiography the penetrating power is
determined by the number of volts applied to the X-Ray
tube - in steel approximately 1000 volts per inch thickness is
necessary. To produce an X or Gamma radiograph, the film
package is placed close to the surface of the subject. The
source of radiation is positioned on the other side of the
subject some distance away, so that the radiation passes
through the subject and on to the film.

39

Radiography Testing Process

Radioactive Source

Electrons
+

X-ray
Generator or
Radioactive
Source Creates
Radiation

X-ray film
Radiation
Penetrate
the Sample

Top view of developed film

40

Advantages of Radiography
Testing
Information is presented pictorially.
A permanent record is provided which may be viewed at a
time and place distant from the test.
Useful for thin sections.
Sensitivity declared on each film suitable for any material.

Limitations of Radiography
Testing
Possible health hazard.
Need to direct the beam accurately for two-dimensional
defects.
Film processing and viewing facilities are necessary
Not suitable for automation.
Not suitable for surface defects.

Thanks
For your
Valuable Time