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TRIGONOMETRY
TRIGONOMETRY
- deals with triangles and
interrelationships of its sides and
angles.
Applications:
mechanics, surveying, geodesy
advanced mathematics,
engineering and navigation, etc.
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
- angle formed between the
intersection of two lines or two
planes.
PRINCIPAL SYSTEMS
1. Sexagesimal System degrees,
minutes, seconds
2. Grade System - grades
3. Circular System - radians
4. Mil System - mils
Some Relationships
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Angle in standard
form starts have
positive axis as the
terminal side.
terminal
side
Initial
side
Angles measured
counterclockwise
are positive.
Othewise, it will be
MATH 12:negative.
PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
COTERMINAL ANGLES
- angles having the same terminal
side.
LENGTH OF AN ARC
EXAMPLES:
1. Find the length of an arc that
subtends a central angle of in a
circle of radius 10 m.
2. An arc of length 100 m subtends
a central angle in a circle of
radius 50 m. Find .
EXAMPLES:
traveled along
3. Find the distance
an arc on the surface of the
earth that subtends a central
angle of 1 minute. (
4. Find the distance traveled by the
earth in one day in its path
around the sun given the ff info:
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
EXAMPLES:
5. A truck traveling at
a rate of 35 mph
goes through a circular path of radius
ft. Through what angle does it turn
in ?
6. A town in Luzon is in latitude .
Assuming the earth is a sphere of
radius , find the distance of the town
from the equator.
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
Linear Speed:
Some
EXAMPLES:
1. A certain wheel rotates at an average of 25
rpm (revolutions per minute). If the radius
of the wheel is 30 in, find the angular
speed and the linear speed.
2. A truck with 48-in tire diameter is traveling
at 50 mph. ( 1 mi = 5280 ft, 1ft = 12 in)
a. Find the angular speed of the wheel in
rad/ min.
b. How many revolutions per minute do the
wheels make?
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
EXAMPLES:
3. A radial saw has a blade with a 6in radius. Suppose that the blade
spins at 1000 rpm.
a. Find its angular speed in
rad/min.
b. Find its linear speed.
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
Consider the following right
triangle:
For
c
a
where is the
hypotenuse
b
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
ILLUSTRATIONS:
1. Evaluate the sixtrigonometric
ratios for :
5
12
EXERCISES:
1. Evaluate the sixtrigonometric
ratios for
:
25
2
24
APPLICATIONS
Angle of elevation/ depression
Angle of elevation
Angle of depression
APPLICATIONS
Bearing of a line
ILLUSTRATIONS:
1. From the top of the
cliff which rises
vertically 168.5 ft above the river
bank, the angle of depression of the
opposite bank is . How wide is the
river?
2. A man standing 230 ft from the foot of
building finds that the angle of
elevation of the top of the building is .
If his eye is above the ground, what is
the height of the building?
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
ILLUSTRATIONS:
the angle of
3. A surveyor found
elevation of the top of a building
to be . After walking towards the
building, the angle of elevation
measured is . How tall is the
building if the device used for
surveying has a height of ?
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
ILLUSTRATIONS:
4. From a certain point,
a ship sails 45 miles
due north and then proceeds westward at
a speed of 20 mph. Find the bearing of
the ship and its distance from the starting
point four hours after it turned westward?
5. A ship sails and travels at a bearing of for
two hours before changing its course to
for additional 3 hours. If the ship travels
at a constant speed of , how far is the
ship from its original location?
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
EXERCISES:
1. From the top of a lighthouse
above sea level, a boat is
observed under an angle of
elevation of . How far is the
boat from the lighthouse?
2. Two strings tether a
balloon on the
ground, as shown.
10 m
How high is the
balloon?
EXERCISES:
3. From a certain point, a boat sails
30 miles due south and then
proceeds eastward at a speed of
15 mph. Find the bearing of the
boat and its distance from the
starting point 5 hours after it
turned eastward.
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
SPECIAL TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTION VALUES
Recall:
Reference Angle
CIRCULARFUNCTIONS
Consider the following unit circle with
center at the origin and radius equal to 1.
(0,1)
(-1,0)
(0,-1)
In short,
Quadrantal Angles
For quadrantal
angles,
.
.
.
.
.
(1,0)
UND
UND
(0,1)
UND
UND
(-1,0)
-1
UND
-1
UND
(0,-1)
-1
UND
-1
UND
Special angles
Angles
whose
denominator are 6 have
a reference angle of
Angles
whose
denominator are 3 have
a reference angle of .
Special angle
2
2
2
-- 2
2
-2
Special angle
2
2
-2
-2
-2
2
2
MATH 12: PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
Special angle
Angles
whose
denominator are 4 have
a reference angle of
Special angle
In summary,
Referen
ce
QII
QIII
QIV
Termin
al Side